اثر آتش‌سوزی بر برخی از ویژگی‌های خاک در جنگل‌های بلوط زاگرس شمالی (مطالعه موردی: منطقه مریوان)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 1- استادیار، گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه کردستان

2 2- دانشجوی کارشناسی‌ارشد، گروه جنگل‌داری دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه کردستان

3 3- استادیار، گروه جنگل‌داری، دانشگاه کردستان (سنندج) و مرکز پژوهش و توسعه جنگل‌داری زاگرس شمالی، دانشگاه کردستان (بانه)

4 دانشیار، گروه جنگل‌داری، دانشگاه کردستان (سنندج) و مرکز پژوهش و توسعه جنگل‌داری زاگرس شمالی، دانشگاه کردستان (بانه)

چکیده

آتش­سوزی جنگل سبب تغییرات عمده در ویژگی­های خاک می­شود، اما اطلاعات اندکی در رابطه با زمان ماندگاری این تغییرات در طول سال­های پس از آتش­سوزی وجود دارد. بنابراین این پژوهش به­منظور بررسی اثرات باقی­مانده آتش­سوزی (تابستان 1390) در یک خاک جنگلی پس از گذشت سه سال از وقوع آن (تابستان 1393) در دو عمق 5-0 و 10-5 سانتی­متری در جنگل تپه درویش واقع در اطراف دریاچه زریوار در شهر مریوان انجام شد. منطقه شاهد بدون آتش­سوزی نیز با شرایط مشابه کنار منطقه آتش­سوزی شده انتخاب شد. از منطقه آتش­سوزی شده و شاهد هر کدام سه نمونه تصادفی مرکب، از هر عمق برداشته شد. تفاوت ویژگی­های بررسی شده در منطقه آتش­سوزی شده و شاهد با استفاده از آزمون t مستقل در سطح %5 بررسی شد. نتایج نشان داد که میزان تفاوت بافت، رنگ، کربنات کلسیم معادل (CCE)، هدایت الکتریکی (EC)،pH ، ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی (CEC)، نیترات، کربن و ازت کل خاک در منطفه آتش­سوزی شده و شاهد معنی­دار نبود؛ در حالی که آتش­سوزی سبب افزایش معنی­دار میزان کلسیم و منیزیم قابل جذب در هر دو عمق خاک و افزایش پتاسیم و فسفر قابل جذب در خاک سطحی شده بود. همچنین میزان آمونیاک قابل جذب در عرصه آتش­سوزی شده در هر دو عمق مورد بررسی به­طور معنی­داری کمتر از خاک شاهد بود. در مجموع نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که اثرات آتش­سوزی بر میزان عناصر قابل جذب خاک به­ویژه در خاک سطحی بعد از گذشت سه سال از وقوع آن هنوز باقی مانده است. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effects of a Wildfire on Some Soil Properties in Northeran Zagros Oak Forest (Case Study: Marivan Region)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Z Sharifi 1
  • ch Nazari2 2
  • K Mohammadi Samani 3
  • N Shabanian 4
چکیده [English]

Forest fire causes major changes in soil properties but little is known about the persistence time of the changes over the years following a fire. This study was conducted to investigate the remain effects of fire (summer 2011) on some properties of surface (0-5 cm) and subsurface (5-10 cm) soils after three years (summer 2014) in Tapeh Darvish forest which is located around Zarivar Lake in Marivan city. A control safe place was selected on beside of the burned area with similar conditions, but not affected by fire. Three composite soil random samples were taken from the each mentioned depth of the burned and control sites. The differences between the measured properties at the burned and control sites were assessed by independent t-test (P=5%). The results showed that there were not significant differences between the soil samples properties of texture, color, carbonate calcium equivalent (CCE), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, cation exchange-capacity (CEC), nitrate and total carbon and nitrogen in the burned and unburned sites. However, burning significantly incresed the available amounts of calcium and magnesium in both surveyed soil depths and phosphorous and potassium in surface soil. Furthermore, the amount of ammonia in burned soils was significantly lower than that in unburned soils in both surveyed soil depths. Altogether, the results of the study showed that the effect of fire on the available amount of nutrients, especially in the surface layer of soil still persistantly remained 3 years after the fire.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Forest soil
  • Soil chemical properties
  • Soil physiccal properties
آرایش ب و حسینی س­ج­ف­ا، 1389. تحلیل رگرسیونی عوامل مؤثر بر مشارکت مردم در حفظ، احیاء، توسعه و بهره‌برداری منابع طبیعی تجدید شونده از دیدگاه کارشناسان منابع طبیعی استان ایلام. نشریه اقتصاد و توسعه کشاورزی (علوم و صنایع کشاورزی)، جلد 24، شماره 1، صفحه­های 49 تا 58.
بانج‌شفیعی ع، اکبری‌نیا م، عزیزی پ و اسحاقی‌راد ج، 1389. تأثیر آتش‌سوزی بر برخی از ویژگی‌های شیمیایی خاک جنگل در شمال ایران. فصل­نامه علمی–پژوهشی تحقیقات جنگل و صنوبر ایران، جلد 18، شماره 3، صفحه­های 365 تا 379.
حیدری ج و قربانی‌دشتکی ش، 1391. تأثیر آتش‌سوزی پوشش گیاهی بر کیفیت خاک مراتع نیمه ‌استپی کرسنک چهار محال‌ و‌ بختیاری. مجله پژوهش‌های حفاظت آب و خاک، جلد 20، شماره 2، صفحه­های 125 تا 142.
همت­بلند ا، اکبری­نیا م و بانج‌شفیعی ع، 1389. اثر آتش‌سوزی بر برخی ویژگی‌های شیمیایی خاک در جنگل‌های بلوط مریوان. فصل­نامه علمی پژوهشی تحقیقات جنگل و صنوبر ایران، جلد 18، شماره 2، صفحه­های 205 تا 218.
Botha CR and Webb MM, 1952. The versenate method for the determination of calcium and magnesiumin mineralized waters containing large concentrations of interfering ions. Institute of Water Engineers Journal 6: 1-6.
Bouyoucos GJ, 1962. Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analysis of soils. Agron J 56: 464-465.
Brady N and Weil, R, 2002. The Nature and Properties of Solis. 13ed. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA.
Bremener JM and Mulvaney CS, 1982. Total nitrogen Pp. 595-624. In: Page AL, Miller RH and Keeney DR. Method of Soil Analysis. Part 2. American Society of Agronomy Inc Madison, Wisconsin USA,
Bremner JM and Keeney DR, 1965. Steam distillation methods for determination of ammonium, nitrate and nitrite. Analyt Chim Acta 32: 485-495.
Callaham MAJr, Anderson PH, Waldrop TA, Lione DJ and Shelburne, VB, 2004. Litter decomposition and soil respiration responses to fuel-reduction treatments in Piedmont loblolly pine forests. Pp. 25–29. In proceedings of
the 12th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference. Asheville, Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. NC: U.S.
Certini G, 2005. Effects of fire on properties of forest soils: a review. Oecologia 143(1): 1-10.
Chandler C, Cheney P, Thoma, L and Williams D, 1983. Fire in Forestry V (1): Forest Fire Behaviour and Effects. John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA.
Coutts JRH, 1945. Effects of veld burning on the base exchang capacity of a soil. S. Afr. J. Sci 41: 218-224.
Covington WW and Sackett SS, 1992. Soil mineral nitrogen changes following prescribed burning in ponderosa pine. For Ecol Manag 54: 175–191.
Covington WW, DeBano LF and Huntsberger TG, 1991. Soil nitrogen changes associated with slash pile burning in pinyon-juniper woodlands. Forest Science 37: 347–355.
De Ronde C, 1990. Impact of prescribed fire on soil properties: comparison with wildfire effects. pp. 127–136. In: Goldammer JG and Jenkins MJ (eds.). Fire in Ecosystem Dynamics. Mediterranean and Northern Perspectives. SPB Academic Publishing BV: The Hague, the Netherlands.
DeBano LF, 1990. The effect of forest fire on soil properties. Pp. 151–156. Proceedings of the Symposiam on Management and Productivity of Western- Montane Forest Soil. Boise, ID, USA.
Doerr SH, and Cerda A. 2005. Fire effects on soil system functioning: new insights and future challenges. Int J Wildland fire 14: 339-342.
Eldiabani GS, Hale WHG and Heron CP, 2014. The effect of forest fires on physical properties and magnetic susceptibility of semi-arid soils in north-eastern, Libya. International Journal of Environmental, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering (8)1: 54-60. 
Erickson HE and White R, 2008. Soils under fire: Soils Research and the Joint Fire Science Program. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon.
Granged AJP, Jordán A, Zavala, LM, Muñoz-Rojas, M and Mataix-Solera J, 2011a. Short-term effects of experimental fire for a soil under eucalyptus forest (SE Australia). Geoderma 167–168: 125–134.
Granged AJP, Zavala LM, Antonio J and Bárcenas-Moreno G, 2011b. Post-fire evolution of soil properties and vegetation cover in a Mediterranean heathland after experimental burning: A 3-year study. Geoderma164: 85-94.
Hamman ST, Burke, IC and Knapp EE, 2008. Soil nutrients and microbial activity after early and late season prescribed burns in a Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest. For Ecol Manag 256: 367–374.
Hart SC, DeLuca TH, Newman GS, MacKenzie MD and Boyle SI, 2005. Post-fire vegetative dynamics as drivers of microbial community structure and function in forest soils. Forest Ecol Manag 220:166–184.
Heydari M, Salehi A, Mahdavi A and Adibnejad M, 2012. Effects of different fire severity levels on soil chemical and physical properties in Zagros forests of western Iran. Folia For Pol Ser A 54 (4): 241–250.
Iglesias MT, 2010. Effects of fire frequency on nutrient levels in soils of Aleppo pine forests in southern France. Lazaroa 31: 147-152.
Johnson DL and Curtis PS, 2001. Effects of forest management on soil C and N storage: Meta analysis. For Ecol Manag 140: 227–238.
Jurgensen MF, Arno SF, Harvey AE, Larsen MJ and Pfister RD, 1979. Symbiotic and nonsymbiotic nitrogen fixation in northern Rocky Mountain forest ecosystems Pp. 294-308. In: Gordon JC, Wheeler CT, Perry DA, (eds.) Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in the Management of Temperate Forests: NSF workshop proceedings; 1979 April 2-5; Corvallis, Oregon State University. OR.
Kara O and Bolat I, 2009. Short-term effects of wildfire on microbial biomass and abundance in black pine plantation soils in Turkey. Ecol Indic 9: 1151–1155.
Ketterings Q M and Bigham JM, 2000. Soil colour as an indicator of slash-and-burn fire severity and soil fertility in Sumatra, Indonesia, Soil Sci Soc Am J 64: 1826–1833.
Kim Y and Tanaka N. 2003. Effect of forest fire on the fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O in boreal forest soils, interior Alaska. J Geophys Res Atmos 108: 1-10.
Kutiel P and Shaviv A, 1992. Effects of soil type, plant composition and leaching on soil nutrients following a simulated forest fire. For Ecol Manag 53 (1): 329-343.
Loeppert RH and Sparks DL, 1996. Carbonate and gypsum. Pp. 437-475. In: Sparks DL, (ed.). Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3, Chemical Method. Soil Science Society of America (SSSA), Madison, Winsconsin, USA.
Marcos E, Tarrega R and Luis E, 2007. Changes in a Humic Cambisol heated (100-500 °C) under laboratory conditions: The significance of heating time. Geoderma 138: 237-243.
Martí-Roura M, Casals P and Romanyà J, 2013. Long-term retention of post-fire soil mineral nitrogen pools in Mediterranean shrubland and grassland. Plant Soil 371: 521–531. 
Moghaddas EEY and Stephens SL, 2007. Thinning, burning, and thin-burn fuel treatment effects on soil properties in a Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forests. For Ecol Manag 250:156–166.
Mroz GD, Jurgensen MF, Harvey AE and Larsen MJ, 1980. Effects of fire on nitrogen in forest floor horizons. Soil Sci Soc Am J 44: 395–400.
Murphy J and Riley JPA, 1962. Modified single solution method for determination of phosphate in natural waters. Analyt Chim Acta 27: 31–36.
Neary DG, Ryan KC and DeBano LF, 2005. Wildland Fire in Ecosystems: Effects of Fire on Soils and Water. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-42-vol.4. Ogden, UT: Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, U.S. 250 p.
Nelson DW and Sommers LE, 1996. Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. Pp. 961-1010. In: Sparks DL, (ed.). Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3, Chemical Method. Soil Science Society of America (SSSA), Madison, Winsconsin, USA.
Novora A, Gristina L, Bodi MB and Cerda A, 2010. The impact of fire on redistribution of soil organic matter on a Mediterranean hillslope under maquia vegetation type. Land Degrad Dev 10:102-117.
Oluwole FA, Sambo JM and Sikhalazo D. 2008. Long-term effects of different burning frequencies on the dry savannah grassland in South Africa. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 3 (2):147-153.
Oris F, Asselin H, Ali AA, Finsinger W and Bergeron Y, 2014. Effect of increased fire activity on global warming in the boreal forest. Environ Rev 22: 1–14.
Pardini G, Gispert M and Dunjό G. 2004. Relative influence of wildfire on soil properties and erosion processes in different Mediterranean environments in NE Spain. Sci Total Environ 328: 237–246.
Pereira P, Cerdà A, Úbeda X, Mataix-Solera J, Martin D, Jordán A and Burguet M, 2013. Spatial models for monitoring the spatio-temporal evolution of ashes after fire – a case study of a burnt grassland in Lithuania. Solid Earth 4: 153–165.
Potts DL, Suding KN, Winston GC, Rocha AV and Goulden ML, 2012. Ecological effects of experimental drought and prescribed fire in a southern California coastal grassland. J Arid Environ 81: 59–66.
Rowell DL, 1994. Soil Science: Methods and Applications, 345. Longman Group, Harlow.
Scharenbroch BC, Nix B, Jacobs KA and Bowles ML, 2012. Two decades of low-severity prescribed fire increases soil nutrient availability in a Midwestern, USA oak (Quercus) forest. Geoderma 183–184: 80–91.
Sheklabadi M, Mahmoudzadeh H, Mahboubi AA, Gharabaghi B and Ahrens B, 2014. Land use effects on phosphorus sequestration in soil aggregates in western Iran. Environ Monit Assess 186: 6493-6503.
Terefe T, Mariscal-Sancho I, Peregrina F and Espejo R, 2008. Influence of heating on various properties of six Mediterranean soils: A laboratory study. Geoderma 143: 273-280.
Úbeda X, Lorca M, Outeiro LR, Bernia S and Castellnou M, 2005. The effects of prescribed fire on soilquality (Prades Mountains, North East Spain). Int J Wildland Fire 14: 379–384.
Úbeda X, Pereira P, Outeiro L and Martin DA, 2009. Effects of fire temperature on the physical and chemical characteristics of the ash from plots of cork oak (Quercus suber). Land Degrad Dev 20: 589–608.
Ulery AL, Graham RC and Amrhein C, 1993. Wood-ash composition and soil pH following intense burning. Soil Science 156 (1): 358-364.
Verma S and Jayakumar S, 2012. Impact of forest fire on physical, chemical and biological properties of soil: A review. Pp. 168–176.  Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 2(3):168-176
Wan S, Hui D and Luo Y, 2001. Fire effects on nitrogen pools and dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems: A metaanalysis. Ecol Appl 11 (5): 1349-1365.
Wanthongchai K, Bauhus J and Goldammer JG, 2008. Nutrient losses through prescribed burning of aboveground litter and understorey in dry dipterocarp forests of different fire history. Catena 74: 321–332.
Weston CJ and Attiwill PM, 1990. Effects of fire and harvesting on nitrogen transformations and ionic mobility in soils of Eucalyptus regnans forests of south-eastern Australia. Oecologia 83: 20–26.
Xue L, Li Q and Chen H, 2014. Effects of a wildfire on selected physical, chemical and biochemical soil properties in a pinus massoniana forest in South China. Forests 5: 2947-2966.
Zabowski D, Thies WG, Hatten J and Ogden A, 2007. Soil response to season and interval of prescribed fire in a ponderosa pine forest of the Blue Mountains, Oregon. JFSP Research Project Reports. Paper 120. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/jfspresearch/120