اندازه گیری و مدل سازی جذب آب توسط ریشه در خاک

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز

چکیده

در سال­های اخیر حرکت آب در محیط ریشه بسیار مورد توجه قرارگرفته است. در این تحقیق الگوی مکانی و زمانی جذب آب توسط ریشه درخاک در محیط اطراف درخت سیب مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. یکی از مهمترین بخش­های مدل جذب آب توسط ریشه، تراکم طولی ریشه می‌باشد که با استفاده از نمونه­برداری از خاک در یک چهارم محدوده توسعه ریشه اندازه­گیری شد. مدل دوبعدی جذب آب توسط ریشه بر اساس تابع توزیع تراکم ریشه، تعرق پتانسیل و فاکتور تنش آب بسط داده شد. با استفاده از اندازه­گیری­های منظم توسط رطوبت­سنج (TDR) میزان جذب آب توسط ریشه  اندازه­گیری و براساس حداقل­سازی اختلاف بین مقادیر شبیه­سازی شده و  اندازه­گیری شده پارامترهای مدل حذب آب ریشه بهینه گردید. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که بیشترین جذب درخت سیب در عمق 10 تا 30 سانتیمتر اتفاق می‌افتد. نتایج همبستگی خوبی را بین داده­های اندازه­گیری و شبیه­سازی نشان داد و مشخص گردید که مدل حاصله کاربردی و انعطاف­پذیر می‌باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Measuring and Modeling Root Water Uptake in Soil

نویسندگان [English]

  • S Besharat
  • AH Nazemi
  • AA Sadraddini
چکیده [English]

Water movement through the root zone has attracted an increasing interest during the last few decades. In this research, the spatial and temporal patterns of root water uptake were studied in the root zone of an apple tree. An important part of the root water uptake model is root length density which was measured by sampling soil cores in the one quarter of the root zone. A 2D model of root water uptake was established, which included root density distribution function, potential transpiration and soil water stress-modified factor. Root water uptake distribution was measured by an array of TDR probes and the model parameters were optimized, by minimizing the residuals between the measured and simulated data. Studies showed that the maximum root water uptake occurred at depth 10-30 cm.  The results also showed an excellent agreement between the measured data and the simulated outputs, indicating that the developed root water uptake model was efficient and feasible. 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • optimization
  • Root water uptake
  • Root distribution
  • Unsaturated soil
  • Water flow
Allen R, Pereira LS, Raes D and Smith M, 1998,.Crop Evapotranspiration: Guidelines for Computing Crop Requirements FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56.FAO, Rome, Italy.
Asseng S, Richter C and Wessolek G, 1997. Modeling root growth of wheat as the linkage between crop and soil. Plant and Soil 190, 267–277.
Asseng S, Ritchie JT, Smucker AJM and Robertson MJ, 1998. Root growth and water uptake during water deficit and recovering in wheat. Plant and Soil 201, 265–273.
Caspari HW, Green SR and Edwards WRN, 1993. Transpiration of well-watered and water stressed Asian pear trees as determined by lysimeter, heat pulse, and estimated by a Penman–Monteith model. Agric Forest Meteorol 67, 13–27.
Clausnitzer V, and Hopmans JW, 1994. Simultaneous modeling of transient three-dimensional root growth and soil water flow. Plant Soil 164:299–314
Clothier BE and Green SR, 1994. Rootzone processes and the efficient use of irrigation water. Agric Water Manag 25:1–12.
Clothier BE, 1989. Research imperatives for irrigation science J Irrigation Drainage Eng 115(3):421–448.
Coelho EF and Or D, 1999. Root distribution and water uptake patterns of corn under surface and subsurface drip irrigation. Plant Soil 206:123–136.
Coelho EF and Or D, 1996. A parametric model for two-dimensional water uptake by corn roots under drip irrigation. Soil Soc Am J 60, 1039–1049.
Feddes RA, Kowalik P, Kolinska-Malinka K and Zaradny H, 1976. Simulation of field water uptake by plants using a soil water dependent root extraction function. J Hydrol 31,13–26.
Gardenas AI, Hopmans JW, Hanson BR and Simunek J, 2005. Two-dimensional modeling of nitrate leaching for various fertigation scenarios under micro-irrigation. Agric. Water Manage. 74, 219–242.
Gong D, Shaozhong Kang S, Zhang L, Du T and Yao L, 2006. A two-dimensional model of root water uptake for single apple trees and its verification with sap flow and soil water content measurements, agricultural water management (83)119 – 129.
Green S and Clothier B, 1999. The root zone dynamics of water uptake by a mature apple tree. Plant Soil 206: 61–77.
Hupet F, Lambot S, Feddes RA, van Dam JC and Vanclooster M, 2003. Estimation of root water uptake parameters by inverse modeling with soil water content data. Water Resour Res 39(11) 1312 doi: 10.1029/2003WR002046.
Hupet F, Lambot S, Javaux M and Vanclooster M, 2002. On the identification of macroscopic root water uptake parameters from soil water content observations. Water Resour Res 38(12) 1300 doi: 10.1029/2002WR001556.
Kjelgren R, Goldhamer DA, Uriu K and Weinbaum SA, 1985. Almond tree response to variable nitrogen fertilization rates through low volume sprinklers. In: Proceedings of the 3rdInternational drip/trickle irrigation congress, Fresno,  2.
Kramer PJ and Boyer JS, 1995. Water relation of plants and soils, Academic press, San Diago, USA.
Meyer JL and Peck D, 1985. Avocado root distribution with microsprinklers. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International drip/trickle irrigation congress, Fresno  2, pp 682–686
Molz FJ, 1981. Models of water transport in the soil-plant system: A review. Water Resour Res 17, 1245–1260.
Musters PAD and Bouten W, 1999. Assessing rooting depths of an Austrian Pine stand by inverse modeling soil water content maps. Water Resour Res 35, 3041–3048.
Roth RL and Gardner BR, 1985. Root distribution of mature orange trees irrigated by pressurized systems. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International drip/trickle irrigation congress, Fresno, 2, pp 579–586.
SakovichNJ and Post SEC, 1986. Lemon root distribution in sprinkler, drip systems Citrograph 71(7):143–144.
Simunek J, Sejna M and Van Genuchten MTh, 2006. The HYDRUS Software Package for Simulating the Two- and Three-Dimensional Movement of Water, Heat, and Multiple Solutes in Variably-Saturated Media, User Manual, Version 1.0, PC-Progress, Prague, Czech Republic.
Somma F, Hopmans JW and Clausnitzer V, 1998. Transient three-dimensional modeling of soil water and solute transport with simultaneous root growth, root water and nutrient uptake. Plant Soil 202, 281–293.
Van Genuchten MTh and GuptaSK, 1993. A reassessment of the crop tolerance reponse function. Indian Soc Soil Sci 4:730–737.
Van Genuchten MTh, 1987. A numerical model for water and solute movement in and below the root zone. Res. Rep. 121. U.S. Salinity Lab, ARS USDA, Riverside, CA.
Vrugt JA, Hopmans JW and Simunek J, 2001a. Calibration of a two-dimensional root water uptake model. Soil Sci Soc Am J 65, 1027–1037.
Vrugt JA, van WijkMT, Hopmans JW and Simunek J, 2001b. One-, two-, and three-dimensional root water uptake functions for transient modeling. Water Resour Res 37, 2457–2470.
Whisler FD, Klute A and Millington RJ, 1968. Analysis of steady-state evapotranspiration from a soil column. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 32, 167–174 .
Xue Q, Zhu Z, Musick JT, Stewart BA and Dusek DA, 2003. Root growth and water uptake in winter wheat under deficit irrigation. Plant and Soil 257, 151–161.
Zuo Q and Zhang R, 2002. Estimating root-water-uptake using an inverse method. Soil Sci 167, 561–571.