Effect of Diatomite on Distribution of Chemical Forms of Cd in two Contaminated Soils

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D Graduate Dept. of Soil Sci., Faculty of Agric., Univ. of Urmia

2 Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Soil Sci., Faculty of Agric., Univ. of Urmia

3 Prof., Dept. of Soil Sci., Faculty of Agric., Univ. of Urmia

4 Prof., Dept. of Chemistry Sci., Faculty of Chem., Univ. of Urmia

5 Prof., Dept. of Food Sci. and Techno., Faculty of Agric., Univ. of Urmia

Abstract

In recent decades, soil pollution with heavy metals in world countries (such as Iran) has been one of the most challenging issues. Stabilization of heavy metals by using absorbent in remediation of heavy-metal-contaminated soils is one of the low-cost and fastest methods. In order to study the effect of diatomite on chemical forms of Cd in calcareous soils, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 levels of diatomite application in soil (0, 2 and 5 %), 4 levels of incubation time (1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks) and twocontaminated soils in three replications. Chemical distribution of Cd in soils were determined using Tessier sequential extraction method at the above-mentioned incubation time and reduced partition index (IR) and mobility factor (MF) of metal were calculated as a Cd mobility index in soils. Results showed that application of diatomite significantly (p ≤ 0.01) decreased the exchangeable and carbonate fractions and increased iron and manganese oxide bound organic and residual fractions in comparison to the control treatment. In 5% diatomite treatment after 8 weeks’ incubation the IR (42-71%) and pH (5-8%) values increased but the amounts of MF (30-33%) and DTPA-extractable Cd (33-28%) decreased, demonstrating a decrease in the mobility of metal in soils. It was concluded that addition of diatomite in soil lead decreasing the mobility of Cd and Pb in soils. According to the results, diatomite due to greater efficiency for immobilization of Cd in contaminated soils as a low-cost amendment can be used for immobilization of the high amount of Cd ions from contaminated soils.

Keywords


Abad-Valle P, Alvarez-Ayus E, Murciego A and Pellitero E, 2016. Assessment of the use of sepiolite amendment to restore heavy metal polluted mine soil. Geoderma 280: 57-66.
Al-Degs A, Kharasheh MAM and Tutunji MF, 2001. Sorption of lead ions on diatomite and    manganes oxides modified diatomite. Water Research 35: 3724-3728.
Anegbe B, Okuo JM, Ewekay EO and Ogbeifun DE, 2014. Fractionation of lead-acid battery soil amended with Biochar. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 7(2): 36-43.
Bilgin M and Tulun S, 2015. Use of diatomite for the removal of lead ions from water: thermodynamics and kinetics. Biotechnology and Biotechnological Equipment29(4): 696-704, DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2015.1039059.
Caliskan N, Kul AR, Alkan S, Sougut EG and Alacabey I, 2011. Adsorption of zinc (II) on diatomite and manganese-oxide-modified diatomite: A kinetic and equilibrium study. Journal of Hazardous Materials 193: 27-36.
Chapman HD, 1965.  Cation Exchange Capacity. Pp. 891-901. In: Black, C.A., Ed., Methods of Soil Analysis. American Society of Agronomy Madison.
Davis TA,Volesky B and Vieira RHSF, 2000. Sargassum seaweed as biosorbent for heavy metals. Water Research 34 (17), 4270-4278.
United  States Environmental  Protection  Agency  (US  EPA).  2001.  Supplemental guidance for developing soil screening levels for superfund sites. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, D.C. http://www.epa.gov/superfund/health/conmedia/soil/index.htm
Feng MH, Shan X Q, Zhang S and Wen B, 2005. Comparison of rhizosphere-based method with other one-step extraction methods for assessing the bioavailability of soil metals to wheat. Chemosphere 59(7): 939–949.
Flores-Cano JV, Layva-Ramos R, Padilla-Ortega E and Mendoza-Barron, 2013. Adsorption of heavy metals on diatomite: Mechanism and effect of operating variabbles. Adsorption Science and Technology 213(31): 275-291.
Gee GW, and Bauder JW.1986. Particle-Size Analysis. Pp. 383-411.In: Klute, A., Ed., Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods, Agronomy Monograph No. 9, 2nd Edition, American Society of Agronomy/Soil Science Society of America, Madison.
Hamzenejad Taghlidabad R and Sepehr E, 2017. Heavy metals immobilization in contaminated soil by rape-pruning-residue biochar, Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, DOI: 10.1080/03650340.2017.1407872.
Han FX, Banin A, Kingery WL, Triplett GB, Zhou LX and Zheng SJ, 2003. New approach to studies of heavy metal redistribution in soil. Advances in Environmental Research 8(1): 113-120.
Hossam E GMM, 2010. Diatomite: Its characterization, modifications and application. Asia journal of Materials Science 2(3): 121-136.
Irani M, Amjadi M, Mousavian MA, 2011. Comparative study of lead sorption onto natural perlite, dolomite and diatomite, Chemical Engineering Journal 178: 317–323.
Li H, Ye X, Geng Z, Zhou H, Guo X, Zhang Y, Zhao H and Wang G, 2016. The influence of biochar type on long-term stabilization for Cd and Cu in contaminated paddy soils. Journal of Hazardous Materials 304: 40–48.
Lindsay WL and Norvell WA, 1978. Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc,   iron, manganese and copper.  Soil Science Society of America Journal (42): 421-428.
Malandrino M, Abollino O, Buoso S, Giacomino A, La Gioia C and Mentasti E, 2011.  Accumulation of heavy metals from contaminated soil to  plants  and  evaluation  of  soil  remediation  by  vermiculite. Chemosphere 82(2): 169–178.
Morgan JJ and Stumm W, 1995. Chemical processes in the environment, relevance of chemical speciation. Pp. 67–103. In: E. Merian (Ed.). Metals and Their Compounds in the environment. VCH, Weinheim. Nelson.
Nelson DW and Sommers LE, 1982. Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. Pp. 539–579. 2nd ed. In: Page A. L. Methods of Soil Analysis.Chemical and microbiological properties.  Agronomy Series No. 9, ASA and SSSA. Madison, WI.
Piri M and Sepehr E, 2017. The feasibility of using of diatomite for removal of lead and cadmium from aqueous solutions by batch system. 10.22059/ijswr.2017.224958.667613, Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research. (In Farsi)
Puga AP, Melo LCA, de Abreu CA, Coscione AR and Paz-Ferreiro J, 2016. Leaching and fractionation of heavy metals in mining soils amended with biochar. Soil and Tillage Research 164:  25–33.
Rayment GE and Higginson FR, 1992. Australian Laboratory Handbook of Soil and Water Chemical Methods. Melbourne, Inkata Press.
Salmons, W and Forstner, U, 1980. Trace metal analysis on polluted sediment. PartII: Evaluation of invironmental impact. Environmental Technology Letters 1:506-517.
Shi W, Shao H, Li H, Shao M and Du S, 2009. Progress in the remediation of hazardous heavy metal-polluted soils by natural zeolite.  Journal of Hazardous Materials 170: 1-6.
Sipos P. 2009. Distribution and sorption of potentially toxic metals in four forest soils from Hungary. Central European Journal of Geosciences 1(2):183 -192.
Soon YK and Abboud S, 1993. Cadmium, chromium, lead and nickel. Soil sampling and method of analysis. Lewis puplishers.
Sun YB, Sun GH, Xu YM, Wang L, Lin DS, Liang XF and Shi X, 2012. Insitu  stabilization  remediation  of  cadmium contaminated soils of wastewater irrigation region using sepiolite. Journal of Environmental Sciences-China 24(10): 1799–1805.
Tessier A, Campbell PGC and Bisson M, 1979. Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace-metals. Analytical Chemistry 51, 844–851.
Vassileva PS, Apostolova MS, Detcheva AK and Ivanova EH, 2013. Bulgarian natural diatomites: modification and characterization. Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 67: 342–349.
Wang Y, Lu YF, Chen R Z, Ma L, Jiang Y and Wang H, 2014. Lead ions sorption from waste solution using aluminum hydroxide modified diatomite. Journal of Environmental Protection, 5: 509-516.
Yaacoubi H, Zidani O, Mouflih M, Gourai M and Sebti S. 2014. Removal Cadmium from water using natural phosphatas as adsorbent. Procedia Engineering 83: 386-393.
Yavuz O, Guzel R, Aydin F, Tegin I and Ziyadanogullari R, 2007. Removal of cadmium and lead from aqueous solution by calcite. Polish Journal of Environ, 16(3), 467-471.
Ye X, Kang S, Wang H, Li H and Zhang Y, 2015. Modified natural diatomite and its enhanced immobilization of lead, copper and cadmium in simulated contaminated soils. Journal of Hazardous Materials 289: 210-218.
Zhang F, Romheld V and Marschner H, 1989. Effet of zinc deficiency in wheat on the release of zinc and iron mobilization rootexudates. Z. Pflanzenernähr. Bodenk 152 205–210.
Zhuravlev LT, 2000. The surface chemistry of amorphous silica. Zhuravlev model. Colloids and Surfaces A 173:1-38. 
Zhaolum W, Yuxiang Y, Xuping Q, Jianbo Z, Yaru C and Linxi N, 2005. Decolouring mechanism of zhejiang diatomite. Application to printing and dyeing wastewater. Environmental Chemistry Letters 3: 33-37.