The Impact of Sand and Gravel Mining on River Bedload Amount and Gradation (Case Study: Zaremrood River, Mazandaran Province)

Abstract

Sand and gravel mining from the rivers bed in the country has been increased in the recent years which causes changes in the rivers systems. Irregular excavation of sand and gravel regardless of the river sedimentation capacity causes changes in river sediment balance and morphology. In this study to investigate the impacts of the sand and gravel mining on the bedload amount and gradation in Zaremrood river, the bedload was sampled by placing pit sampler in the river bed. Granulometric analysis of sediment was carried out for each sample separately using ASTM method. Their weights were measured in the laboratory, too. Then, the sizes of diameters D10, D50, D90, mean grain size and the values of sorting, skewness and kurtosis were obtained in micron and Φ scale using GRADISTAT software. Finally, a significant difference between the sediment statistics of the upstream and downstream cross sections of sand and gravel mining in SPSS22 software was investigated. The results showed that the sizes of diameters D10, D50, D90, and mean grain size, sorting showed a significant difference in the bedload samples of the upstream and downstream cross section of the mining place. However, skewness and kurtosis of bedload sediment particles size did not show significant difference in the mentioned samples. Also, sand and gravel mining from river bed in the study reach caused the bed erosion, dislocation of sedimentary layers and changes in the sediment balance.

Keywords

References

Aharipour R and Mosadegh H, 2011. Principles of sedimentology. Second edition, Alavi publication.
Ashraf MA, Maah MJ, Yusoff I, Walid A and Mahmood K, 2011. Sand mining effects, causes and concerns: A case study from Bestari Jaya, Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia. Scientific Research and Essays 6(6): 1216-1231.
Batalla RJ, 2003. Sediment deficit in rivers caused by dams and instream gravel mining. A review with examples from NE Spain. Revista Cuaternario and Geomorphologia 17 (3-4): 79-91.
Blott SJ and Pey K, 2001. GRADISTAT: A grain size distribution and statistics package for the analysis of unconsolidated sediment. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 26(11): 1237-1248.
Bravard JP, Goichot M and Gaillot S, 2013. Geography of sand and gravel mining in the lower Mekong River. EchoGéo 26: 1-18.
Brown AV, Littly MM and Brown KB, 1998. Impacts of gravel mining on gravel bed streams. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 127: 979–994.
Budagupour S and Jadidi A, 2007. Investigation of the environmental impacts of basin erosion and uncontrolled excavation in Gorganroud River catchments using the PSIAC model. MSc. Thesis Watershed Management, Khajeh Nasir Toosi University of Technology.
Bunte K, Potyondy JP and Abt SR, 2003. Development of an improved bedload trap for sampling gravel and cobble bedload in coarse mountain streams. [Online Article]. http://water.usgs.gov//html.
Davis J, Bird J, Finlayson B and Scott R, 2000. The management of gravel extraction in alluvial rivers: a case study from the Avon River, southeastern Australia. Physical Geography 21(2): 133–154.
Fathizadeh H, Tazeh M and Hemyali Y, 2012. Investigation of sediment granulation from geomorphological viewpoint. The 11th National Conference on Irrigation and Evaporation, 7-9 Feb.  Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman.
Folk RL and Ward WC, 1957. Brazos River bar: a study in the significance of grain size parameters. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology27: 3–26.
Gomi T, Sidle RC and Swanston DN, 2004. Hydrogeomorphic linkages of sediment transport in headwaters streams, Maybeso Experimental Forest, southeast Alaska. Hydrological Processes 18: 667-683.
Hughes FMR, 1997. Flood plain biogeomorphology. Progress in Physical Geography 21(4): 501–529.
Iran Water Resources Management CO. Deputy of Research, Office of Standard and Technical Criteria, 2005. Guideline of flood plain zoning and determination of flood way and flood fringe. Publication No. 307.
Jabari E and Farzi H, 2010. The Gravel Production and Their Effects on the Change of Sediment Transport Pattern in the Razavar River. Geographical Research 24(2): 145-160.
Kabir MA, Dutta D, Hironaka S and Pang A, 2012. Analysis of bed load equations and river bed level variations using basin-scale process-based modelling approach. Water Resource Management 26(5): 1143-1163.
Kheirfam H and Sadeghi SHR, 2014. Effect of Sand and Gravel Mining on among of Sediment Load and Bed Load Granulometery in Kojour River. Iranian Journal of Watershed Management Science and Engineering 8(26):27-34.
Kiat Ch, Ghani AA, Abdullah R and Zakaria NA, 2008. Sediment transport modeling for Kulim River-A case study. Journal of Hydro-environment Research 2(1): 47-59.
Kondolf GM, 1997. Hungry water: effects of dams and gravel mining on river channels. Environmental Management 21(4): 533–551.
Kondolf GM, 1998. Environmental effects of aggregate extraction from river channels and floodplains. In: Aggregate resources: a global perspective (P.T. Bobrowsky, ed). Pp. 113–129. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam. 470.
Krumbein WC, 1983. Size frequency distributions of sediment and the normal phi curve. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 8(3): 84-90.
Landon N, Piégay H and Bravard JP, 1998. The Drôme river incision (France): from assessment to management. Landscape and Urban Planning 43: 119-131.
Liangwen J, Zhangren L, Qingshu Y, Shuying O and Yaping L, 2007. Impacts of the large amount of sand mining on riverbed morphology and tidal dynamics in lower reaches and delta of the Dongjiang River. Journal of Geographical Sciences 17(2): 197-211.
Lohnes RA, 1997. Stream channel degradation and stabilization: The Iowa experience. Proceedings of the Conference on Management of Landscapes Disturbed by ChannelIncision. University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS: 35–41.
Marston RA, Girel J, Pautou G, Piegay H, Bravard JP and Arneson C, 1995. Channel metamorphosis, floodplain disturbance and vegetation development: Ain River, France. Geomorphology 13: 121–131.
Memari A and Habibnejad Roshan M, 2007. Comparison of sedimental regime with the amount of withdrawing of sand and gravel of Faroub river of Naishabour and the effect of withdrawing from river frontage. 7th International River Engineering Conference Shahid Chamran University, 13-15Feb, Ahvaz.
Montgomery DR and Bolton SM, 2003. Hydrogeomorphic variability and river restoration. American Fisheries Society. 39-80.
Naiman RJ, Decamps H and Pollock M, 1993. The role of riparian vegetation in maintaining regional biodiversity. Ecological Applications 3(2): 209–212.
Nekohimehr M, 2000. Evaluation of developmental project effect on environment (Gravel extraction of River beds). Third National Conference on Environmental Health 10-12 Nov. Kerman University of Medical Sciences and Health Services.
Petit F, Poinsart D and Bravard JP, 1996. Channel incision, gravel mining and bedload transport in theRhône river upstream of Lyon, France ("canal de Miribel"). Catena 26(3-4): 209-226.
Rovira A, Batalla RJ and Sala M, 2005. Response of a river sediment budget after historical gravel mining (the lower Tordera, NE Spain). River Research and Applications 21(7): 829-847.
Sadeghi SHR and Kheirfam H, 2012. Effect of Sand and Gravel Mining on Suspended and Bed load in Kojour River. The 5th National Conference on Watershed Management and Water Resources Management in the country, 28-29 Feb.  Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman.
Sadeghi SHR, Gharemahmudli S, Khaledi Darvishan A, Kheirfam H, Kiani Harchegani M and Saeidi P, 2014. Effect of river sand and gravel mining on monthly changeability of suspended sediment concentration. Journal of Water and Soil Resources Conservation 3(3): 65-77.
Shfaee-Bajestan M, 2011. Theoretical and practical principles of hydraulic transmission of sediment, second edition, Shahid Chamran University Publication.
Singhal HSS, Joshi GC and Verma RS, 1981. Sediment sampling in rivers and canals. Erosion and Sediment Transport Measurement (Proceedings of the Florence Symposium). Florence, Italy. IAHS Publ. NO. 133: 169-175.
Sterling ShM and Church M, 2002. Sediment trapping characteristics of a pit trap and the Helley-Smith sampler in a cobble gravel bed river. Water Resources Research 38(8):1-19.
Surian N and Cisotto A, 2007. Channel adjustments, bedload transport and sediment sources in a gravel-bed river, Brenta River, Italy. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 32(11): 1641-1656.
Telvari A, 2004. ‎Fundamentals of river training and engineering. Soil conservation and watershed management research institute. First Edition.
Thorne CR, 1997. Fluvial processes and channel evolution in the incised river of north-central Mississippi. Proceedings of the Conference on Management of Landscapes Disturbed by ChannelIncision. University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS: 23–34.
Vericat D and Batalla RJ, 2004. Downstream effects of dams in the fluvial dynamics of the Lower Ebro River. Journal of Quaternary and Geomorphology 18(1-2): 37–50.
Ward JV, Tockner K and Schiemer F, 1999. Biodiversity of flood plain river ecosystems: ecotones and connectivity. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 15(1-3): 125– 139.
Williams GP and Wolman MG, 1984. Downstream effects of dams on alluvial rivers, US Geological Survey Professional Paper, NO. 1286, USGS: 94.
Willis KG and Garrod GD, 1999. Externalities from extraction of aggregatesregulation by tax or land-use controls. Resources Policy 25(2): 77–86.
Winterbottom SJ, 2000. Medium and short-term channel planform changes on the Rivers Tay and Tummel, Scotland. Geomorphology 34(3-4):195–208.
Ye B, Yang D and Kane DL, 2003. Changes in Lena River stream flow hydrology: human impacts versus natural variations. Water Resources Research 39 (7): 8–14.
Yousefvand F, Ziatabar-Ahmadi M, Ghaminnia H and Golmaei H, 2007. Estimation of sediment load and determination of sewage sand capacity of Razavar River. 7th International River Engineering Conference Shahid Chamran University, 13-15Feb, Ahvaz.
Zamani E and Mousavi M, 2007. Sand and gravel mining effects on river morphology case study on khoshkehroud, Farsan. 7th International River Engineering Conference Shahid Chamran University, 13-15Feb, Ahvaz.
Water and Soil Science
Volume 28, Issue 2
May 2018
Pages 83-95

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics