Monitoring of Soil Respiration Changes in a Heavy Naphtha-Contaminated Sandy Loam Soil under Different Bioremediation Treatments

Authors

1 Former MSc. Student of Soil Biology and Biotechnology, Dept. of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz.Iran

2 Assoc. Prof. of Soil Biology and Biotechnology, Dept. of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz. Iran

3 Prof. of Soil Biology and Biotechnology, Dept. of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz. Iran

Abstract

Abstract
Background and objectives: Petroleum contamination is treated by physical, chemical and biological approaches. The first two methods have limitations such as high costs, inefficacy and altering natural ecosystem. Today, biological treatment is a more interesting process to remove petroleum contamination. Bioremediation is a technique in which biological systems such as microorganisms are applied to destroy or transform (degrade) harmful chemicals. In recent years, employing hydrocarbon degrading bacteria to clean a petroleum contaminated soil has become a prevalent, efficient and economical technique that converts toxic wastes to non-toxic end products. This technique has reduced the harmful effects on health and ecology. Soil contamination with petroleum compounds such as heavy naphtha can threaten soil, environmental and human health. In bioremediation process, soil microorganisms use these hydrocarbons as a carbon source and, while making a microbial biomass, play a role in its decomposition and conversion to carbon dioxide. Bioremediation methods include biostimulation and bioaugmentation, which are promising methods for treating oil pollution. Application and comparison of various bioremediation methods such as biostimulation, bioaugmentation and integrated treatment was the main aim of this study to bio-remove heavy naphtha from contaminated soil. For this purpose, in a heavy naphtha-contaminated sandy loam, a variety of bioremediation treatments, including biostimulation (including supply of nitrogen-phosphorus elements, addition of manure and Tween 80 surfactant), bioaugmentation treatment (using a consortium of efficient bacteria) and integrated treatment (including all biostimulation and bioaugmentation treatments) were tested.
Methodology: In this experiment, sandy loam soil was used. Heavy naphtha contamination was applied at a rate of 7% in soil samples and various bioremediation treatments were performed as mentioned above. This experiment was carried out in a pot scale (3 kg pots) based on split plot factorial design (pollution factor, bioremediation factor and time) with 3 replications, at room temperature for 120 days. During the experiment, the pots were aerated once a week and the soil moisture content was adjusted to 70-80% of the soil water holding capacity twice a week. For bioaugmentation of bacterial isolates, a consortium of Arthrobacter sp. COD2-3, Stenotrophomonas nitritireducens COD5-6، Stenotrophomonas asidamainiphila COD1-1 with a ratio of 5% V/W were used. In biostimulation treatment, cow manure with 5% W/W ratio was used. In NP treatment, which was related to the supply of nitrogen and phosphorus elements, N and P elements from sources of ammonium nitrate and potassium phosphate with a ratio of 20:5:1 (C: N: P) were used. Also, to use Tween 80 surfactant in the relevant treatments, a rate of 0.3% V/W was used. In the integrated treatment, all the mentioned treatments were used together to remediate oil contamination. On days 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120, samples were taken from each pot to measure the biological activity of basal respiration (BR) and substrarte-induced respiration (SIR).
Findings: The results showed that the bioremediation treatments reduced heavy naphtha contamination. Contamination also affected soil microbial activity, so that BR and SIR increased in all bioremediation treatments in the early days, but over time they decreased, due to the reduction of carbon source and also the reduction of soil nutrients. The amount of BR and SIR in the combined treatment changed from 0.67 to 0.53 and 3.30 to 2.73 (mg CO2 g-1 h-1), respectively. Also, the amount of petroleum compounds before and after bioremediation treatments showed that 81% of heavy naphtha was decomposed by the integrated treatment. Among the bioremediation treatments, the integrated treatment had a greater effect on the elimination of heavy naphtha contamination than the biostimulation and bioaugmentation treatments (p <0.01). The use of integrated methods not only increases the active population of microorganisms in the decomposition of petroleum compounds and provides optimal conditions for their activity, but also stimulates the native population of microorganisms and is convenient for removing petroleum compounds. It seems to be a good method.
Conclusion: According to the microbial respiration results in naphtha-contaminated soil, each treatment was able to reduce contamination on its own, while the integrated treatment was biostimulatory and bioenhancing treatment. However, in the integrated treatment, the efficiency of bioremediation process was higher, due to the simultaneous use of biostimulation and bioaugmentation treatments. The use of integrated treatment in places contaminated with petroleum compounds, including heavy naphtha, can help to biologically eliminate these contaminants.

Keywords

References

Abu B, Farinazleen S, Raja M and Mahiran B, 2003. Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon pollution. Indian Journal of Biotechnology 2: 411–425.
Afsharnia M and Sarikhani MR, 2019. The use of Agropyron cristatum L. and Tall fescue plants (Festuca arundinacea L.) inoculated with bacterial consortium and mycorrhizal-like fungi in the phytoremediation of oil-contaminated soils. Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 29: 285-300. (In Persian with English abstract).
Afsharnia M, 2019. Application of different methods for bioremediation of petroleum products in contaminated areas of Tabriz refinery. PhD Thesis. Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz.
Afsharnia M, Sarikhani MR, Zarei M and Lotfollahi A, 2017. Isolation of oil-eating bacteria from contaminated soils of Tabriz Refinery and Petrochemical Co. and evaluation of their oil degradation efficiency. Pp.1-6. 15th Iranian Soil Science Congress. 6-8 September, Isfahan, Iran. (In Persian with English abstract).
Agamuthu P, Tan YS and Fauziah SH, 2013. Bioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soil using selected organic wastes. Procedia Environmental Sciences 18: 694– 702.
Agarry SE and Owabor CN, 2011. Anaerobic bioremediation of marine sediment artificially contaminated with anthracene and naphthalene. Environment Technology 32: 1375-1381.
Altgelt KH, 1993. Composition and Analysis of Heavy Petroleum Fractions. Boca Raton, CRC Press, 512 Pages.
Anderson JPE, 1982. Soil respiration. Pp. 831-871. In: Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties. American Society of Agronomy, Madison. Wisconsin.
Angela L, 2000. Effect of nonionic surfactants on dissolution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from coal tar. Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste 2: 78–81.
Atagana H, 2008. Compost bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil inoculated with organic manure. African Journal of Biotechnology 7: 1516-1525.
Ball JS, Dinneen GU, Smith JR, Bailey CW and  Meter RV, 1949. Composition of Colorado Shale-Oil Naphtha. Industerial and Engineering Chemistry 41: 581–587.
Basaltpour A, Haj Abbasi M, Dorostkar V and Torabi Gh, 2010. Modification of soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons by combined georemediation-phytoremediation method. Journal of Water and Soil Sciences 14: 129-142. (In Persian with English abstract)
Bautista LF, Sanz R and Molina MC, 2009. Effect of different non-ionic surfactants on the biodegradation of PAHs by diverse aerobic bacteria. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 63: 913–922.
Boopathy R, 2000. Factors limiting bioremediation technologies. Bioresource Technology 74: 63–67.
Chandra S, Sharma R, Singh K and Sharma A, 2013. Application of bioremediation technology in the environment contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbon. Annals of Microbiology 63: 417–431.
Christopher S, Hein P, Marsden J and Shurleff AS, 1988. Evaluation of methods 3540 (Soxhlet) and 3550 (Sonication) for evaluation of appendix IX analyses from solid samples. S-CUBED, Report for EPA contract 68-03-33-75. Work assignment No.03, Document No (Pp. 523-546). SSS.
Cheng KY, Lai KM and Wong JWC, 2008. Effects of pig manure compost and nonionic-surfactant tween 80 on phenanthrene and pyrene removal from soil vegetated with Agropyron elongatum. Chemosphere 73: 791-797.
Das N and Chandran P, 2011. Microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants – an overview. Biotechnology Research International 11:1–13.
Das P, Pal R and Chowdhury A, 2007. Effect of novaluron on microbial biomass, respiration, and fluorescein diacetate-hydrolyzing activity in tropical soils. Biology and Fertility of Soils 44: 387–391.
 Dashti N,  Ali N,  Eliyas M,  Khanafer M, Sorkhoh NA and  Radwan SS, 2015. Most hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria in the total environment are diazotrophic, which highlights their value in the bioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminants. Microbes and Environments 30: 70-75. (In Persian with English abstract)
Dostaki M, Ebrahimi S, Movahedi Naeini A and Ulamaei, 2013. Optimization of biodegradation conditions of petroleum hydrocarbons by native and non-native microorganisms. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation Research 20: 165-181. (In Persian with English abstract)
Ebrahimi M, Sarikhani MR and Fallah A, 2014. Biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons of gasoline, toluene and phenanthrene by three bacterial species Pantoea agglomerans P5, Pseudomonas putida P13 and Pseudomonas fluorescens CHAO. Water and Soil Science 23:41-29. (In Persian with English abstract)
Emtiazi G, Shakarami H, Nahvi I and Mirdamadian SH, 2005. Utilization of petroleum hydrocarbones by Pseudomonas sp. and transformed Escherichia coli. African Journal of Biotechnology 4: 172-176.
Freeman JC and Valerie AO, 2008. Relationships between soil respiration and soil moisture. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 40: 1013-1018.
Gadd GM, 2001. Fungi in Bioremediation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 481, ISBN: 0-521-78119-1.
Gkorezis P, Daghio M, Franzetti A, Van Hamme JD, Sillen W and Vangronsveld J, 2016. The interaction between plants and bacteria in the remediation of petroleum hydrocarbons. An environmental perspective. Frontiers in Microbiology 7:1836.
Gogoi BK, Dutta NN, Goswami P and Krishna Mohan TR, 2003. A case study of bioremediation of petroleum-hydrocarbon contaminated soil at a crude oil spill site. Advances in Environmental Research 7: 767–782.
Gomez F and Sartaj M, 2014. Optimization of field scale biopiles for bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil at low temperature conditions by response surface methodology (RSM). International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 89: 103–109.
Kuppusamy S, Thavamani P, Venkateswarlu K, Lee YB, Naidu R and Megharaj M, 2017. Remediation approaches for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminated soils: technological constraints, emerging trends and future directions. Chemosphere 168: 944–968.
Lee S, Oh B and Kim J, 2008. Effect of various amendments on heavy mineral oil bioremediation and soil microbial activity. Bioresource Technology 99: 2578–2587.
Li JL and Chen BH, 2009. Surfactant-mediated biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Materials 2: 76-94.
Liu S, Guo C, Liang X, Wu F and Dang Z, 2016. Nonionic surfactants induced changes in cell characteristics and phenanthrene degradation ability of Sphingomonas sp. GY2B. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 129: 210–218.
Luo YQ and Zhou X, 2006. Soil Respiration and the Environment. London, UK: Academic Press, Elsevier.
Maila MP and Cloete TE, 2005. The use of biological activities to monitor the removal of fuel contaminants-perspectives to monitoring hydrocarbon contamination. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 55: 1–8.
Malik Z and Ahmed S, 2012. Degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons by oil field isolated bacterial consortium. African Journal of Biotechnology 11: 650-658.
Masciandaro G, Macci C, Peruzzi E, Ceccanti B and Doni S, 2013. Organic matter–microorganism–plant in soil bioremediation. Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology 12: 399–419.
Megharaj M, Ramakrishnan B, Venkateswarlu K, Sethunathan N, Naidu R, 2011. Bioremediation approaches for organic pollutants. Environment International 37: 1362-1375.
Mohajeri L, Aziz HA, Isa MH and Zahed MA, 2010. A statistical experiment design approach for optimizing biodegradation of weathered crude oil in coastal sediments. Bioresource Technology 101: 893-900. (In Persian with English abstract)
Ogboghodo IA, Azenabor UF and Osemwota IO, 2005. Amelioration of crude oil polluted soil with poultry manure and the effect on growth of maize and some soil properties. Journal of Plant Nutrition 28: 21-32.
Orji FA, Abiye AI and Dike EN, 2012. Laboratory scale bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-polluted mangrove swamps in the Niger Delta using cow dung. International Journal of Environmental Bioremediation and Biodegradation 8:219-228.
Qin G, Gong D and Fan MY, 2013. Bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil by biostimulation amended with biochar. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 85: 150–155.
Riffaldi R, Levi-Minzi R, Cardelli R, Palumbo S and Saviozzi A, 2006. Soil biological activities in monitoring the bioremediation of diesel oil-contaminated soil. Water Air and Soil Pollution 170:3-15.
Safdari MS, Kariminia HR, Rahmati M, Fazlollahi F, Polasko A, Mahendra S, Wilding WV and Fletcher TH, 2018. Development of bioreactors for comparative study of natural attenuation, biostimulation and bioaugmentation of petroleum-hydrocarbon contaminated soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials 342: 270–278.
Sarikhani, MR, 2003. Effects of inoculation of two species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on potassium uptake, starch content and potato yield. Master Thesis in Soil Biology and Biotechnology. Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz.
Shahi A, Aydin S, Ince B and Ince O, 2016a. Evaluation of microbial population and functional genes during the bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil as an effective monitoring approach. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 125:153–160.
Shahi A, Aydin S, Ince B and Ince O, 2016b. Reconstruction of bacterial community structure and variation for enhanced petroleum hydrocarbons degradation through biostimulation of oil contaminated soil. Chemical Engineering Journal 306:60–66.
Shen W, Zhu N, Cui J, Wang H, Dang Z, Wu P, Luo Y and Shi C, 2016. Ecotoxicity monitoring and bioindicator screening of oil-contaminated soil during bioremediation. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 124:120–128.
Silva-Castro GA, Uad I, Rodríguez-Calvo A, González-López J and Calvo C, 2015. Response of autochthonous microbiota of diesel polluted soils to land-farming treatments. Environmental Research 137:49–58.
Suja F, Rahim F, Taha MR, Hambali N, Razali MR, Khalid A and Hamzah A, 2014. Effects of local microbial bioaugmentation and biostimulation on the bioremediation of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in crude oil contaminated soil based on laboratory and field observations. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 90:115– 122.
Thavamani P, Malik S, Beer M, Megharaj M and Naidu R, 2012. Microbial activity and diversity in long-term mixed contaminated soils with respect to polyaromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals. Journal of Environmental Management 99:10–17.
Tian W, Yao J, Liu R, Zhu M, Wang F, Wu X and Liu H, 2016. Effect of natural and synthetic surfactants on crude oil biodegradation by indigenous strains. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 129:171–179.
Turgay OC, Erdogan EE and Karaca A, 2010. Effect of humic deposit (leonardite) on degradation of semi-volatile and heavy hydrocarbons and soil quality in crude-oil-contaminated soil. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 170:45–58.
Tyagi M, da Fonseca MM and de Carvalho CC, 2011. Bioaugmentation and biostimulation strategies to improve the effectiveness of bioremediation processes. Biodegradation 22:231–241.
Ubochi KC, Ibekwe VI and Ezeji EU, 2006. Effect of inorganic fertilizer on microbial utilization of hydrocarbons on oil contaminated soil. African Journal of Biotechnology 5:1584-1587.
Vandera E and Koukkou AI, 2017. Bacterial community response to hydrocarbon contamination in soils and marine sediments: a critical review of case studies. Pp.185-226. In: Cravo-Laureau C, cagnon C, Lauga B, Duran R (eds.) Microbial Ecotoxicology. Springer. Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61795-4_9
Varjani SJ, Rana DP, Jain AK, Bateja S and Upasani VN, 2017. Synergistic ex-situ biodegradation of crude oil by halotolerant bacterial consortium of indigenous strains isolated from on shore sites of Gujarat, India. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 103: 116–124.
Venosa AD, Lee K, Suidan MT, Garcia-Blanco S, Cobanli S, Moteleb M, Haines JR, Tremblay G and Hazelwood M, 2002. Bioremediation and biorestoration of a crude oil contaminated freshwater wetland on the St. Lawrence River. Bioremediation Journal 6: 261-281.
Wei Z, Hessler CM, Sorial G and Seo Y, 2016. Influence of nonionic surfactants on fungal and bacterial degradation of hexane. CLEAN - Soil, Air and Water 44: 745–752.
Xu K. Y, Tang CR, Zhao K and Sun Y, 2013. Diversity and abundance of n-alkane-degrading bacteria in the near-surface soils of a Chinese onshore oil and gas field. Biogeosciences 10: 2041–2048.
Zarei M, Salari S, Niaei A and Khataee A, 2009. Peroxi-coagulation degradation of C.I. Basic Yellow 2 based on carbon-PTFE and carbon nanotube-PTFE electrodes as cathode. Electrochimica Acta 54: 6651–6660. (In Persian with English abstract)
Water and Soil Science
Volume 33, Issue 2
June 2023
Pages 53-72

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics