Effects of Nitrogen Form and pH of Nutrient Solution on the Uptake and Concentrations of Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium and Sodium in Root and Shoot of Spinach Plant

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

In hydroponic cultures, the effects of nitrogen form and pH of nutrient solution on the chemical
composition of plants are important. In order to study their effects on the uptake and concentrations
of K, Ca, Mg and Na in root and shoot of spinach plant, a factorial experiment was conducted with
two factors including nutrient solution pH at three levels (4.5, 6.5 and 8) and nitrate to ammonium
ratio in nutrient solution at five levels (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100). The experiment was
carried out in a completely randomized design with four replications in perlite culture under
greenhouse conditions. Three seedlings of spinach plant (Spinacia oleracea L. Sirius cultivar) were
cultivated per pot and with 15 different nutrient solutions were nourished. The concentrations of
nitrogen and other nutrients in all nutrient solutions were identical. The plants were harvested after
seven weeks and spinach root and shoot concentrations of K, Ca, Mg and Na were measured by wet
digestion method. Results showed that the effects of nutrient solution pH on the root and shoot
concentrations of K, root concentration of Ca, Ca uptake, shoot concentration of Mg were
significant, but on the root and shoot concentrations of Na, Na uptake, root concentration of Mg,
and Mg uptake were not. By increasing the nutrient solution pH from 4.5 to 8, K and Ca uptake by
plant, and root concentration of K significantly decreased, while shoot concentrations of K and Mg,
and root concentration of Ca significantly increased. The main effect of nitrate to ammonium ratio
in nutrient solution, and the interactive effects of pH and the ratio of nitrate to ammonium on the
root and shoot concentrations of K, Ca, Mg and Na, and their uptake by plant beca,e significant. In
general, by decreasing the nitrate to ammonium ratio in nutrient solution, the root and shoot
concentrations of K, Ca, Mg and Na, and their uptake by spinach plant became significantly
decreased. Also, the effect of nitrate to ammonium ratio of nutrient solution on the root and shoot
concentrations of K, Ca, Mg and Na, and their uptake by spinach plant was dependent on the
nutrient solution pH and vice versa. The average shoot concentrations of K, Ca, Mg and Na were
higher than those in root. There were significant correlations between the shoot and root
concentrations of these elements, and also between the elements concentrations in the shoot and
their uptake by spinach plant.

Keywords

Main Subjects


براهیم زاده ح، 1380 . فیزیولوژی گیاهی. جلد اول، مبحث تغذیه و جذب. چاپ پنجم، انتشارات دانشگاه تهران، ایران.
دلشاد م، بابالار م، و کاشی ع، 1379 . اثر شاخصنیتروژن محلولهای غذایی در تغذیه معدنی ارقام گوجه فرنگی گلخانه-
. ای در کشت هیدروپونیک. مجله علوم کشاورزی ایران، جلد 31 ، شماره 3، صفحههای 613 تا 625
سلطانی ف، کاشی ع، و بابالار م، 1385 . اثر محلولهای غذایی مختلف روی فاکتورهای رشد و درصد عناصر برگ دو رقم
. خیار گلخانهای در بستر پرلیت. مجله علوم کشاورزی ایران، جلد 37 ، شماره 3، صفحههای 381 تا 387
20 شماره 2/ سال 1389 / 128 نجفی، پارسازاده و .... مجله دانش آب و خاک / جلد 1
رایزوسفر گیاه اسفناج EC و pH محلول غذایی بر تغییرات pH نجفی ن، و م پارسازاده. 1388 . تأثیر شکل نیتروژن و
در طول دوره رشد در کشت هیدروپونیک. مجموعه مقالات اولین کنگره ملی هیدروپونیک و تولیدات گلخانهای.
صفحههای 115 تا 28 .117 تا 30 مهر ماه، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران.
Adams, P, 2002. Nutritional control in hydroponics. Pp. 211–261. In: Savvas D and Passam HC
(eds). Hydroponic production of vegetables and ornamentals. Embryo Publications, Athens,
Greece.
Ahmad A, Mohd S, Ismail MR, Yusop MK and Mahmood M, 2004. Effects of nitrogen forms on
the growth and ionic content of lowland cauliflower under tropical greenhouse. International
Symposium on Greenhouses, Environmental Controls and In-house Mechanization for Crop
Production in the Tropics and Sub-Tropics. 15-17th June, Cameron Highlands, Pahang,
Malaysia.
Assimakopoulou, A, 2006. Effect of iron supply and nitrogen form on growth, nutritional status and
ferric reducing activity of spinach in nutrient solution culture. Sci Hort 110:21-29.
Barker AV and Kathleen MR, 1994. Ethylen evolution by tomatoes stressed by ammonium
nutrition. J Am Soc Hort Sci 119: 706-710.
Berdanier CD and Atkins TK, 1998. Advanced Nutrition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, Florida,
USA.
Clark MB, Mills HA, Robacker CD and Latimer JG, 2003. Influence of nitrate: ammonium ratios
on growth and elemental concentration in two azalea cultivars. J Plant Nutrition 26: 2503-2520.
Dyśko J, Kowalczyk W and Kaniszewski S, 2009. The influence of pH of nutrient solution on yield
and nutritional status of tomato plants grown in soilless culture system. Vegetable Crops
Research Bulletin 70: 59-69.
Edwards J and Horton BD, 1982. Interaction of peach seedlings to NO3
-:NH4
+ ratios in nutrient
solutions. J Am Soc Hort Sci 107: 142–147.
Elia A, Santamaria P and Serio F, 1996. Ammonium and nitrate influence on artichoke growth rate
and uptake of inorganic ions. J Plant Nutrition 19:1029-1044.
Epstein E and Bloom AJ, 2005. Mineral nutrition of plants: Principles and perspectives. 2nd
Edition, Sinauer Associates, Inc., USA.
Errebhi M and Wilcox GE, 1990. Plant species response to ammonium-nitrate concentration ratios.
J Plant Nutrition 13:1017-1029.
Findenegg GR, 1987. A comparative study of ammonium toxicity at different constant pH of the
nutrient solution. Plant Soil 103:239-243.
Gerendas J, Zhu Z, Bendixen R and Sattelmacher B, 1997. Physiological and biochemical processes
related to ammonium toxicity in higher plants. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung und
Bodenkunde 160: 239-251.
Gupta, PK, 2000. Soil, Plant, Water, and Fertilizer Analysis. Agrobios, New Delhi, India.
محلول غذایی بر جذب و غلظت پتاسیم، کلسیم، ............... 129 pH تأثیر شکل نیتروژن و
Hartman PL, Harry AM and Jones JB, 1986. The influence of nitrate:ammonium ratios on growth,
fruit development and element concentration in "Floradel" tomato plant. J Am Soc Hort Sci
111:487-490.
Hoagland DR and Arnon DS, 1950. The water culture method for growing plants without soil. Calif
Agric Exp Stat Circ 374: 1–32.
Islam AKMS, Edwards DG and Asher CJ, 1980. pH optima for crop growth. Results of a flowing
solution culture experiment with six species. Plant Soil 54: 339-357.
Jose RM and Wilcox GE, 1984. Growth, free amino acids, and mineral composition of tomato plant
in relation to nitrogen form and growing media. J Am Hort Sci 109: 406-411.
Kane CD, Jasoni RL, Peffley EP, Thompson LD, Green CJ, Pare P and Tissue D, 2006. Nutrient
solution and solution pH influences on onion growth and mineral content. J Plant Nutrition 29:
375-390.
Kawazu Y, Okimura M, Ishii T and Yui S, 2003. Varietals and seasonal difference in oxalate
content of spinach. Sci Hort 97: 203-210.
Kim T, Mills HA and Wetzstein HY, 2002. Studies on effects of nitrogen form on growth,
development, and nutrient uptake in pecan. J Plant Nutrition 25: 497-506.
Kirkby EA and Mengel K, 1967. Ionic balance in different tissues of the tomato plant in relation to
nitrate, urea, or ammonium nutrition. Plant Physiol 42:6-14.
Kotsiras A, Olympios CM, Drosopoulos J and Passam HC, 2002. Effect of nitrogen form and
concentration on the distribution of ions within cucumber fruit. J Am Sci Hort 95: 175-183.
Marschener H, 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. 2nd edition, Academic Press, London.
Rosen CJ and Eliason R, 2005. Nutrient Management for Commercial Fruit & Vegetable Crops in
Minnesota. Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, USDA-Risk
Management Agency, USA.
Rubatzky E and Yamaguchi M, 1997. World vegetables: Principles, production and nutritive
values. Chapman and Hall, New York, USA.
Rothstein DE and Cregg BM, 2005. Effects of nitrogen form on nutrient uptake and physiology of
Fraser fir (Abies fraseri). Forest Ecol Manag 219: 69–80.
Serna MD, Borras R, Legaz F and Millo EP, 1992. The influence of nitrogen concentration and
ammonium/nitrate ratio on N-uptake, mineral composition and yield of citrus. Plant Soil 147:
13-23.
Simone EH, Mills HA and Smitte DA, 1992. Ammonium reduces growth, fruit yield and fruit
quality of watermelon. J Plant Nutrition, 15: 2727-2741.
Stratton ML, Good GL, Barker AV, 2001. The effects of nitrogen source and concentration on the
growth and mineral composition of privet. J Plant Nutrition 24:1745-1772.
20 شماره 2/ سال 1389 / 130 نجفی، پارسازاده و .... مجله دانش آب و خاک / جلد 1
Tabatabaei SJ, Fatemi L and Fallahi E, 2006. Effect of ammonium:nitrate ratio on yield, calcium
concentration, and photosynthesis rate in strawberry. J Plant Nutrition 29: 1273-1285.
Van Beusichem ML, Kirkby EA and Baas R, 1988. Influence of nitrate and ammonium nutrition
and the uptake, assimilation, and distribution of nutrients in Ricinus communis. Plant Physiol
86: 914-921.
Waling I, Vark WV, Houba VJG and Van der lee JJ, 1989. Soil and plant analysis, a series of
syllabi. Part 7. Plant analysis procedures. Wageningen Agriculture University, the Netherlands.
Wilcox GE, Magalheas JR and Silve FLIM, 1985. Ammonium and nitrate concentrations as factors
in tomato growth and nutrient uptake. J Plant Nutrition 8: 989-998.
Xu QF, Tsai CL, Tsai CY, 1992. Interaction of potassium with the form and amount of nitrogen
nutrition on growth and nitrogen uptake of maize. J Plant Nutrition 15:23–33.
Zhang Y, Lin X, Zhang Y, Zhang SJ and Du S, 2005. Effects of nitrogen levels and
nitrate/ammonium ratio on oxalate concentration of different forms in edible parts of spinach
(Spinacia oleracea L.). J Plant Nutrition 28:2011-2025.
Zsoldos F and Haunold E, 1982. Influence of 2,4-D and low pH on potassium, ammonium and
nitrate uptake by rice roots. Plant Physiol 54:63-68.