University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 26 1-2 2016 05 21 Mathematical View Point to the wind speed parameter role in the FAO PenmanMonteith Equation for Calculating ET0 Mathematical View Point to the wind speed parameter role in the FAO PenmanMonteith Equation for Calculating ET0 1 14 4864 FA MR Hami Kouchebagi AH Nazemi AA Sadraddini R Delirhasannia Journal Article 2016 06 23 From the mathematical point of view, the FAO Penman-Monteith equation shows a homographic function related to the wind speed. The homographic function has horizontal and vertical asymptotes. In this issue horizontal asymptote is applicable; because the vertical asymptote occurs for negative values of wind speed but the negative sign indicates the direction of the wind speed and only the absolute values of the quantities are used. By increasing wind speed from zero, evapotranspiration will increase until it reaches to a limited asymptote value. This value is the horizontal asymptote of the fractional function of FAO Penman Monteith equation. In this research the effect of wind speed variations on the evapotranspiration amounts was analyzed, with considering the mathematical framework of the Penman-Monteith equation. Meteorological data from three weather stations, including Tabriz, Isfahan and Rasht were used in this research. Results showed that in the FAO Penman-Monteith equation, wind speed effect on evapotranspiration is nonlinear and variation in evapotranspiration amounts is more at low wind speeds than high values of wind speeds. As a general result, evapotranspiration has tended to asymptote homographic function and the rate of increasing in evapotranspiration is reduced by wind speed increasing. From the mathematical point of view, the FAO Penman-Monteith equation shows a homographic function related to the wind speed. The homographic function has horizontal and vertical asymptotes. In this issue horizontal asymptote is applicable; because the vertical asymptote occurs for negative values of wind speed but the negative sign indicates the direction of the wind speed and only the absolute values of the quantities are used. By increasing wind speed from zero, evapotranspiration will increase until it reaches to a limited asymptote value. This value is the horizontal asymptote of the fractional function of FAO Penman Monteith equation. In this research the effect of wind speed variations on the evapotranspiration amounts was analyzed, with considering the mathematical framework of the Penman-Monteith equation. Meteorological data from three weather stations, including Tabriz, Isfahan and Rasht were used in this research. Results showed that in the FAO Penman-Monteith equation, wind speed effect on evapotranspiration is nonlinear and variation in evapotranspiration amounts is more at low wind speeds than high values of wind speeds. As a general result, evapotranspiration has tended to asymptote homographic function and the rate of increasing in evapotranspiration is reduced by wind speed increasing. https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4864_6065b5257ef963f5e686e4f842c4dc41.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 26 1-2 2016 05 21 Evaluation of Different Design Options Impact on Seepage and Stability Analysis of Golfaraj Dam Evaluation of Different Design Options Impact on Seepage and Stability Analysis of Golfaraj Dam 15 30 4865 FA K Roushangar B Rouhparvar T Sedaghati Journal Article 2016 06 23 Seepage in earth fill dams is one of the important factors that may cause the erosion and slope instability if it is ignored. Therefore, it is crucial to calculate the leakage discharge through the body of dam and foundation, to prevent economic and life hazards by considering technical and economical issues. In this research, the seepage analysis of the body and the stability of the upstream and downstream slopes of Golfaraj dam after construction, during steady state seepage, rapid drawdown of reservoir and OBE, MCE earthquakes have been investigated and compared by applying different limit state equilibrium methods including: Spencer, Bishop, Janbu, and Mohergenstren-Price, using built-in Geo studio software. The results showed that seepage discharge in a deep section without dike was 18.2 m3day-1 per unit width which was reduced in the case of applying a cutoff or a concrete blanket by 95 and 10 percent, respectively. Data obtained from the slope analysis indicated that the slope was stable under any circumstances and the limit equilibrium methods were convergent. Seepage in earth fill dams is one of the important factors that may cause the erosion and slope instability if it is ignored. Therefore, it is crucial to calculate the leakage discharge through the body of dam and foundation, to prevent economic and life hazards by considering technical and economical issues. In this research, the seepage analysis of the body and the stability of the upstream and downstream slopes of Golfaraj dam after construction, during steady state seepage, rapid drawdown of reservoir and OBE, MCE earthquakes have been investigated and compared by applying different limit state equilibrium methods including: Spencer, Bishop, Janbu, and Mohergenstren-Price, using built-in Geo studio software. The results showed that seepage discharge in a deep section without dike was 18.2 m3day-1 per unit width which was reduced in the case of applying a cutoff or a concrete blanket by 95 and 10 percent, respectively. Data obtained from the slope analysis indicated that the slope was stable under any circumstances and the limit equilibrium methods were convergent. https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4865_1228cc2766418e5c99500c74ca6dad4e.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 26 1-2 2016 05 21 Effect of Land Use Change from Rangeland to Agricultural Land on Soil Fertility in Taftan Region Effect of Land Use Change from Rangeland to Agricultural Land on Soil Fertility in Taftan Region 31 44 4867 FA M Ebrahimi S Kashani E Rouhimoghaddam Journal Article 2016 06 25 This study was conducted to investigate the effects of rangeland conversion into agricultural land use on soil properties in Taftan region (Sistan and Baluchestan province). Four land use types were selected including horticultural, irrigated alfalfa farm, abandoned rainfed agriculture and rangeland. Considering each land use area, soil samples (4-6) were taken from 0-30 cm depth in a completely randomized design. Some soil properties such texture, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, labile carbon and CaCO3 were measured. Results revealed that in the horticultural land use compared to the rangeland one, there was no significant difference among soil characteristics except for the phosphorus and labile carbon factors, while labile carbon and phosphorus had higher amounts in the horticultural land use. The results revealed that just the nitrogen amount had a significant difference between the irrigated farm and rangeland and the level of nitrogen in irrigated farm was higher. The electrical conductivity amount had a significant difference in abandoned agriculture and the rangeland, as salinity in the abandoned agriculture was more. Analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences among the all properties of the soil in different land uses except phosphorus, potassium and CaCO3. The highest amounts of nitrogen, phosphorous and organic carbon were measured in the irrigated farm. The highest amount of potassium and labile carbon were related to the rangeland and the abandoned agriculture respectively. Generally, results of this study showed that the land use change had significant effect on the soil properties. However, nitrogen, phosphorus and organic carbon were less in the rangeland than the agricultural land uses, land use change led to decrease and increase in salinity and CaCO3 respectively. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of rangeland conversion into agricultural land use on soil properties in Taftan region (Sistan and Baluchestan province). Four land use types were selected including horticultural, irrigated alfalfa farm, abandoned rainfed agriculture and rangeland. Considering each land use area, soil samples (4-6) were taken from 0-30 cm depth in a completely randomized design. Some soil properties such texture, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, labile carbon and CaCO3 were measured. Results revealed that in the horticultural land use compared to the rangeland one, there was no significant difference among soil characteristics except for the phosphorus and labile carbon factors, while labile carbon and phosphorus had higher amounts in the horticultural land use. The results revealed that just the nitrogen amount had a significant difference between the irrigated farm and rangeland and the level of nitrogen in irrigated farm was higher. The electrical conductivity amount had a significant difference in abandoned agriculture and the rangeland, as salinity in the abandoned agriculture was more. Analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences among the all properties of the soil in different land uses except phosphorus, potassium and CaCO3. The highest amounts of nitrogen, phosphorous and organic carbon were measured in the irrigated farm. The highest amount of potassium and labile carbon were related to the rangeland and the abandoned agriculture respectively. Generally, results of this study showed that the land use change had significant effect on the soil properties. However, nitrogen, phosphorus and organic carbon were less in the rangeland than the agricultural land uses, land use change led to decrease and increase in salinity and CaCO3 respectively.

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4867_e088e161e4af756d942b503bc1739852.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 26 1-2 2016 05 21 Modeling of Flow Friction Factor in Irrigation Pipes using Machine Learning Methods and Comparing with Empirical Equations Modeling of Flow Friction Factor in Irrigation Pipes using Machine Learning Methods and Comparing with Empirical Equations 45 57 4868 FA S Samadianfard MT Sattari 0000-0002-5139-2118 Journal Article 2016 06 25 The implicit Colebrook–White equation has been extensively used to estimate the friction factor of turbulent flow in irrigation pipes. In the meantime, a practical and accurate solution for Colebrook–White equation is, in particular, necessary for hydraulic computations of pressurized irrigation systems. In this paper, the performance of some machine learning methods such as support vector regression (SVR), genetic programming (GP) and M5 model trees have been evaluated and compared to the empirical equations in friction factor estimation. The obtained results from statistical analysis of studied methods showed that Buzzelli and Haaland empirical equations with root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.00002 and 0.00015, respectively and also genetic programming with RMSE of 0.00031, had better performances among the others. Also, it was concluded that the M5 model trees and SVR with RMSE of 0.00204 and 0.00417, respectively, had lower accuracy in comparison with the empirical equations and genetic programming methods in estimating friction factor of irrigation pipes. The implicit Colebrook–White equation has been extensively used to estimate the friction factor of turbulent flow in irrigation pipes. In the meantime, a practical and accurate solution for Colebrook–White equation is, in particular, necessary for hydraulic computations of pressurized irrigation systems. In this paper, the performance of some machine learning methods such as support vector regression (SVR), genetic programming (GP) and M5 model trees have been evaluated and compared to the empirical equations in friction factor estimation. The obtained results from statistical analysis of studied methods showed that Buzzelli and Haaland empirical equations with root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.00002 and 0.00015, respectively and also genetic programming with RMSE of 0.00031, had better performances among the others. Also, it was concluded that the M5 model trees and SVR with RMSE of 0.00204 and 0.00417, respectively, had lower accuracy in comparison with the empirical equations and genetic programming methods in estimating friction factor of irrigation pipes.

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4868_47bb5920800b8b41f9d793d62b4fa447.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 26 1-2 2016 05 21 An Experimental Study of Impact of Bridge Pier on Depth of Scour Hole in Abutment An Experimental Study of Impact of Bridge Pier on Depth of Scour Hole in Abutment 59 67 4869 FA S Memar A Hosseinzadeh Dalir H Arvnaghi Journal Article 2016 06 25 Many of bridge piers have been located in the vicinity of abutment and bridge supports. Local scour at the abutment nose is considered as one of the major factors in designing the abutments. The presence of bridge piers in the vicinity of abutments can affect the scour rate of them, due to the creation of strong vortex flows between piers and abutment. Hence, this study investigates the impact of single bridge piers on the depth of scour hole in the abutment, experimentally. For this, in the first case, a single bridge pier and an abutment, and in the second, two tandem bridge piers and an abutment, were placed in the experimental channel. The piers and abutment were established at three different distances (X), so that they can satisfy the constrain !" #$ = 3.5, (D: pier diameter, x: distance between pier and abutment). Results showed that in the second case study i.e. [two tandem bridge piers and an abutment], presence of piers in most of experiments increased the scour depth in abutment. In the case of using single pier, the effect of pier on abutment scour depth is either negligible or decreasing. Generally, when the pier's diameter was about 50 percent of abutment's length, the minimum depth of scour was reached, and when the diameter of pier was bigger than abutment's length, maximum depth of scour in abutment was obtained. Many of bridge piers have been located in the vicinity of abutment and bridge supports. Local scour at the abutment nose is considered as one of the major factors in designing the abutments. The presence of bridge piers in the vicinity of abutments can affect the scour rate of them, due to the creation of strong vortex flows between piers and abutment. Hence, this study investigates the impact of single bridge piers on the depth of scour hole in the abutment, experimentally. For this, in the first case, a single bridge pier and an abutment, and in the second, two tandem bridge piers and an abutment, were placed in the experimental channel. The piers and abutment were established at three different distances (X), so that they can satisfy the constrain !" #$ = 3.5, (D: pier diameter, x: distance between pier and abutment). Results showed that in the second case study i.e. [two tandem bridge piers and an abutment], presence of piers in most of experiments increased the scour depth in abutment. In the case of using single pier, the effect of pier on abutment scour depth is either negligible or decreasing. Generally, when the pier's diameter was about 50 percent of abutment's length, the minimum depth of scour was reached, and when the diameter of pier was bigger than abutment's length, maximum depth of scour in abutment was obtained.

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4869_df483c772960e6bf2a4617e82b4a9e63.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 26 1-2 2016 05 21 Determining Crop Coefficient of Corn and Bean in Intercropping in Order to Increase the Precision of Irrigation Planning Determining Crop Coefficient of Corn and Bean in Intercropping in Order to Increase the Precision of Irrigation Planning 69 78 4870 FA D Zarehaghi MR Neyshabouri A Majnooni-Heris Z Jalilian Journal Article 2016 06 25 Determination of plants evapotranspiration is one of the most important factors in promoting the utilization of water resources in agriculture. This factor is indicative of the potential depletion rate from wet soil surface and vegetation; hence, it is important to be studied. This research has been done to measure and estimate potential evapotranspiration, and single crop coefficients based on intercropping of forage maize single cross 704 (Zea mays L.) cultivar and bean effort (Vicia faba L.) cultivar, using the drainage Lysimeter, located in the research farm of the University of Tabriz. The potential evapotranspiration of intercropping was obtained, 967.37 mm during the growing season. . In this research reference evapotranspiration was determined, 955.77 mm using FAOPenman- Monteith equation for the studied area. Length of intercropping growth periods in initial, development and final stages, were determined equal to 18, 37, 41 and 17 days, respectively. Also the amount of growing degree days at the same stages were 179, 567and 227, respectively. Single crop coefficient was obtained, for initial, middle and final growth stages equal to 0.67, 1.17 and 1.09 respectively. Due to lack of crop coefficients for the case of intercropping, using the obtained coefficients are recommended for this type of crop irrigation scheduling. Determination of plants evapotranspiration is one of the most important factors in promoting the utilization of water resources in agriculture. This factor is indicative of the potential depletion rate from wet soil surface and vegetation; hence, it is important to be studied. This research has been done to measure and estimate potential evapotranspiration, and single crop coefficients based on intercropping of forage maize single cross 704 (Zea mays L.) cultivar and bean effort (Vicia faba L.) cultivar, using the drainage Lysimeter, located in the research farm of the University of Tabriz. The potential evapotranspiration of intercropping was obtained, 967.37 mm during the growing season. . In this research reference evapotranspiration was determined, 955.77 mm using FAOPenman- Monteith equation for the studied area. Length of intercropping growth periods in initial, development and final stages, were determined equal to 18, 37, 41 and 17 days, respectively. Also the amount of growing degree days at the same stages were 179, 567and 227, respectively. Single crop coefficient was obtained, for initial, middle and final growth stages equal to 0.67, 1.17 and 1.09 respectively. Due to lack of crop coefficients for the case of intercropping, using the obtained coefficients are recommended for this type of crop irrigation scheduling.

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4870_cd27979c6aafe6223e407b9d45d3c034.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 26 1-2 2016 05 21 Effects of Nitrogen on Growth and Some Morphological Traits of Inoculated Savory Plant (Satureja hortensis L.) with Azospirillum irakense and Pseudomonas putida Effects of Nitrogen on Growth and Some Morphological Traits of Inoculated Savory Plant (Satureja hortensis L.) with Azospirillum irakense and Pseudomonas putida 79 91 4871 FA N Bashirifar N Aliasgharzad S Zehtab Salmasi Journal Article 2016 06 25 Savory (Satureja hortensis L.) is one of the medicinal plants, which is used in medical and food industries. In order to investigate the effect of plant growth promoting microorganisms and different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on growth and morphological parameters of savory, an experiment was conducted as factorial randomized complete block design with four replications. The first and second factors were Azospirillum irakense (A) and Pseudomonas putida (P), respectively and the third factor was nitrogen fertilizer as urea with three levels of no nitrogen (N0), half rate (N1: 80 mg kg -1 Soil) and complete rate (N2: 160 mg kg -1 Soil). The results showed that the number of branches, root and shoot dry weights were significantly increased using each bacterium in comparison with control (no inoculation). In Azospirillum (A+) and Pseudomonas (P+) treatments, shoot dry weight was increased by 11 and 8 percent respectively. Also A. irakense caused a significant increase in plant height. The highest root dry weight and plant height were achieved in A+P- treatment and the increments were 22 and 44 percentage compared to the control (no inoculation), respectively. Furthermore, A+N2 treatment increased the plant height, number of branches and shoot dry weight, and P+N2 treatment enhanced the number of branches and shoot dry weight but these treatments didn’t show significant difference with A+N1 and P+N1, accordingly. By increasing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, all morphological traits were significantly increased. However, between the second and third levels of nitrogen intake (N2 and N1) no significant differences were observed. Therefore, co-inoculation of this plant with A. irakense and P. putida and application of N1 level of nitrogen could be efficient in decreasing nitrogenous fertilizer demand. Savory (Satureja hortensis L.) is one of the medicinal plants, which is used in medical and food industries. In order to investigate the effect of plant growth promoting microorganisms and different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on growth and morphological parameters of savory, an experiment was conducted as factorial randomized complete block design with four replications. The first and second factors were Azospirillum irakense (A) and Pseudomonas putida (P), respectively and the third factor was nitrogen fertilizer as urea with three levels of no nitrogen (N0), half rate (N1: 80 mg kg -1 Soil) and complete rate (N2: 160 mg kg -1 Soil). The results showed that the number of branches, root and shoot dry weights were significantly increased using each bacterium in comparison with control (no inoculation). In Azospirillum (A+) and Pseudomonas (P+) treatments, shoot dry weight was increased by 11 and 8 percent respectively. Also A. irakense caused a significant increase in plant height. The highest root dry weight and plant height were achieved in A+P- treatment and the increments were 22 and 44 percentage compared to the control (no inoculation), respectively. Furthermore, A+N2 treatment increased the plant height, number of branches and shoot dry weight, and P+N2 treatment enhanced the number of branches and shoot dry weight but these treatments didn’t show significant difference with A+N1 and P+N1, accordingly. By increasing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, all morphological traits were significantly increased. However, between the second and third levels of nitrogen intake (N2 and N1) no significant differences were observed. Therefore, co-inoculation of this plant with A. irakense and P. putida and application of N1 level of nitrogen could be efficient in decreasing nitrogenous fertilizer demand.

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4871_739f0ff5d6598d98956365aa148b7043.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 26 1-2 2016 05 21 The Influence of Free Swelling Index on Improvement of the Soil Moisture Curve Estimation The Influence of Free Swelling Index on Improvement of the Soil Moisture Curve Estimation 93 113 4872 FA S Javanshir1 H Bayat Journal Article 2016 06 25 Researchers estimate hydraulic properties by indirect methods using various procedures. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of using the free swelling index as an estimator to improve the precision of soil moisture curve (SMC) estimation. In this study, 147 soil samples were taken from West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Mazandaran, Hamedan and Kermanshah provinces, and their particle size distribution, bulk density, free swelling index, cation exchange capacity and SMC were determined. Then, the Groenevelt & Grant’s model was fitted to the experimental data of SMC. Free swelling index and other variables were used as estimators to predict the parameters of Groenevelt & Grant’s model by multiple regression method. All samples were divided into several groups based on textural classes and SMC was estimated for them in four steps. Grouping the data improved the estimation of SMC. In soil textural groups of the numbers 3 (silty clay loam and clay loam classes), 7 (sandy loam class) and 8 (sand, loamy sand and sandy loam) the IRMSE and AIC values were decreased from 0.07 and 77.85 to 0.06 and 72.28, from 0.05 and 1.63 to 0.04 and -61.78 and from 0.06 and 86.11 to 0.05 and 2.97, respectively. Therefore, using the free swelling index as an estimator, significantly improved the estimates of SMC through the Groenevelt and Grant’s model. Researchers estimate hydraulic properties by indirect methods using various procedures. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of using the free swelling index as an estimator to improve the precision of soil moisture curve (SMC) estimation. In this study, 147 soil samples were taken from West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Mazandaran, Hamedan and Kermanshah provinces, and their particle size distribution, bulk density, free swelling index, cation exchange capacity and SMC were determined. Then, the Groenevelt & Grant’s model was fitted to the experimental data of SMC. Free swelling index and other variables were used as estimators to predict the parameters of Groenevelt & Grant’s model by multiple regression method. All samples were divided into several groups based on textural classes and SMC was estimated for them in four steps. Grouping the data improved the estimation of SMC. In soil textural groups of the numbers 3 (silty clay loam and clay loam classes), 7 (sandy loam class) and 8 (sand, loamy sand and sandy loam) the IRMSE and AIC values were decreased from 0.07 and 77.85 to 0.06 and 72.28, from 0.05 and 1.63 to 0.04 and -61.78 and from 0.06 and 86.11 to 0.05 and 2.97, respectively. Therefore, using the free swelling index as an estimator, significantly improved the estimates of SMC through the Groenevelt and Grant’s model.

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4872_69e73afb7f0a0f3f3e587e0b6c0d0baf.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 26 1-2 2016 05 21 Determination of Discharge Coefficient in Gabion Weirs at Free and Submerged Condition Determination of Discharge Coefficient in Gabion Weirs at Free and Submerged Condition 115 127 4873 FA F Salmasi A Abbaspour H Ahmadi Journal Article 2016 06 25 Weirs are hydraulic structures that are built for regulating, controlling and diverting water in the flow direction. Gabion structures are used extensively in water projects due to the ease of construction, permeability, accessibility and economic efficiency. Porous gabion structures are adaptable to the environment due to their material and performance and also are valuable from ecologic view point. In this study, 8 physical models of gabion weirs and 2 models of solid weirs were built for determining discharge coefficient in gabion rectangular broad crested weirs. Comparisons between gabion weirs with solid weirs were done and they showed that the discharge coefficient in gabion weirs was greater than that in solid weirs. In addition, the regression relations based on the dimensional analysis for the flow through gabion weirs were obtained for both the free and submerged conditions. Results showed that the discharge coefficient of gabion weirs in free condition was 16.7 % greater than that of the submerged condition. Weirs are hydraulic structures that are built for regulating, controlling and diverting water in the flow direction. Gabion structures are used extensively in water projects due to the ease of construction, permeability, accessibility and economic efficiency. Porous gabion structures are adaptable to the environment due to their material and performance and also are valuable from ecologic view point. In this study, 8 physical models of gabion weirs and 2 models of solid weirs were built for determining discharge coefficient in gabion rectangular broad crested weirs. Comparisons between gabion weirs with solid weirs were done and they showed that the discharge coefficient in gabion weirs was greater than that in solid weirs. In addition, the regression relations based on the dimensional analysis for the flow through gabion weirs were obtained for both the free and submerged conditions. Results showed that the discharge coefficient of gabion weirs in free condition was 16.7 % greater than that of the submerged condition.

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4873_58bb584da73ae1e6fc7f9378e1100077.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 26 1-2 2016 05 21 Derivation of Pedotransfer Functions for Estimating Penetration Resistance, Aggregate Stability and Parameters of van Genuchten Moisture Curve Model in Fandoglou Forest Lands of Ardabil Derivation of Pedotransfer Functions for Estimating Penetration Resistance, Aggregate Stability and Parameters of van Genuchten Moisture Curve Model in Fandoglou Forest Lands of Ardabil 129 148 4874 FA SA Asghari E Roozban H Khodaverdiloo Journal Article 2016 06 25 Direct measurement of soil hydraulic and mechanical properties is time consuming, costly and sometimes unreliable due to soil heterogeneity and experimental errors. On the other hand, these properties can be estimated from readily available soil properties using pedotransfer functions (PTFs). This research describes regression based PTFs to predict dependent soil properties including penetration resistance (PR), mean weight diameter of aggregates (MWD), some points of soil water retention curve (SWRC), its slope at the inflection point (Sp), the van Genuchten a and n parameters from independent soil properties including sand, silt, clay, geometric mean (dg) and standard deviation (δg) of the soil particles diameter, relative bulk (Db-rel) and particle density (Dp), total porosity (n), water repellency (WR), initial water content (Pm), organic carbon (OC) and equivalent calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Totally, 75 soil samples were taken from Fandoglou forest lands of Ardabil, Iran. Then they were randomly divided in two sets for training (60 data) and testing (15 data) the derived models. The best PTF for estimating the saturated water content (qs) was obtained with input variables of OC, Db-rel and CaCO3 according to the coefficient of agreement (d), mean error (ME), root mean square error (RMSE) and bias-variance trade-off (BVTO) statistics. Also, the best PTFs for estimating the PR were obtained with input variables of Pm, Db-rel, dg and CaCO3 and for MWD with input variables of clay to silt ratio, OC and Db-rel. The results showed that in the studied forest soil, 79 percent of the physical quality index (Sp) variations were determined by Db-rel and CaCO3 variables. Direct measurement of soil hydraulic and mechanical properties is time consuming, costly and sometimes unreliable due to soil heterogeneity and experimental errors. On the other hand, these properties can be estimated from readily available soil properties using pedotransfer functions (PTFs). This research describes regression based PTFs to predict dependent soil properties including penetration resistance (PR), mean weight diameter of aggregates (MWD), some points of soil water retention curve (SWRC), its slope at the inflection point (Sp), the van Genuchten a and n parameters from independent soil properties including sand, silt, clay, geometric mean (dg) and standard deviation (δg) of the soil particles diameter, relative bulk (Db-rel) and particle density (Dp), total porosity (n), water repellency (WR), initial water content (Pm), organic carbon (OC) and equivalent calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Totally, 75 soil samples were taken from Fandoglou forest lands of Ardabil, Iran. Then they were randomly divided in two sets for training (60 data) and testing (15 data) the derived models. The best PTF for estimating the saturated water content (qs) was obtained with input variables of OC, Db-rel and CaCO3 according to the coefficient of agreement (d), mean error (ME), root mean square error (RMSE) and bias-variance trade-off (BVTO) statistics. Also, the best PTFs for estimating the PR were obtained with input variables of Pm, Db-rel, dg and CaCO3 and for MWD with input variables of clay to silt ratio, OC and Db-rel. The results showed that in the studied forest soil, 79 percent of the physical quality index (Sp) variations were determined by Db-rel and CaCO3 variables.

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4874_73702e21b964b70908bee988c296e374.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 26 1-2 2016 05 21 The Influence of Bed Slope, Type of suspended particle and Current Advance Distance on Density and Velocity Profiles of Density Currents The Influence of Bed Slope, Type of suspended particle and Current Advance Distance on Density and Velocity Profiles of Density Currents 149 160 4886 FA AH Haghiabi M Ghomeshi SM Kashefipour H Goleij Journal Article 2016 06 26 In an experimental investigation of the density current inflow into reservoir, the influence of bed slope (0.000 to 0.003), type of suspended particles (salt and two sizes of sediment particles) and advance distance (at three sations) on density and velocity profiles were investigated. Experiments were carried out in a tilting flume. Observations and measurements showed that the velocity and density profiles nondimensionalized with integral scales, in the same current but at different stations were the same. Furthermore, there was a fairly good similarity between the velocity profiles measured for types of currents flowing on different slopes. The dimensionless density profiles measured in different current types were not similar. Turbidity currents with coarse sediment had an almost linear density profile near the bed, whereas the saline density currents showed an almost constant relative density near the bed. In an experimental investigation of the density current inflow into reservoir, the influence of bed slope (0.000 to 0.003), type of suspended particles (salt and two sizes of sediment particles) and advance distance (at three sations) on density and velocity profiles were investigated. Experiments were carried out in a tilting flume. Observations and measurements showed that the velocity and density profiles nondimensionalized with integral scales, in the same current but at different stations were the same. Furthermore, there was a fairly good similarity between the velocity profiles measured for types of currents flowing on different slopes. The dimensionless density profiles measured in different current types were not similar. Turbidity currents with coarse sediment had an almost linear density profile near the bed, whereas the saline density currents showed an almost constant relative density near the bed. https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4886_2af62e5a5e519f6ce631f4cba2a02cad.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 26 1-2 2016 05 21 Organic Matter Quality and Clay Mineral Type of Soils on a Catena in Deilaman Region of Guilan Province Organic Matter Quality and Clay Mineral Type of Soils on a Catena in Deilaman Region of Guilan Province 161 172 4887 FA P Alamdari1 P Mohajeri A Golchin A Naderi Journal Article 2016 06 26 This research is conducted to evaluate the quality of organic matter and clay type in the soils which are located at different positions of the slope of a catena in Deilaman region of Guilan province. To do this, the catena was firstly divided into five transverse sections including summit, shoulder, back slope, foot slope and toe slope. Then each section was longitudinally divided into three parts as three replications and composite soil samples were collected from each sections at the depths of 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60cm and some characteristics of soils and clay minerals of the samples were determined. Results showed that the maximum organic matter and carbohydrate contents were found in the soils located on the lower positions of the catena (representing foot slope and toe slope). Carbon-nitrogen ratio decreased by reducing the slope, indicating the more decay of organic matter in the positions of foot slope and toe slope. Soil microbial respiration amounts also more increased with reducing of the slope. Clay mineralogy of soils located on the catena confirmed the presence of kaolinite, illite, hydroxy interlayer vermiculite and little amounts of chlorite in the soils. The type of clay minerals was the same but their frequency was varied at the different slope positions and soil depths. The results of present study revealed that soil properties were affected by topography in this region. This research is conducted to evaluate the quality of organic matter and clay type in the soils which are located at different positions of the slope of a catena in Deilaman region of Guilan province. To do this, the catena was firstly divided into five transverse sections including summit, shoulder, back slope, foot slope and toe slope. Then each section was longitudinally divided into three parts as three replications and composite soil samples were collected from each sections at the depths of 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60cm and some characteristics of soils and clay minerals of the samples were determined. Results showed that the maximum organic matter and carbohydrate contents were found in the soils located on the lower positions of the catena (representing foot slope and toe slope). Carbon-nitrogen ratio decreased by reducing the slope, indicating the more decay of organic matter in the positions of foot slope and toe slope. Soil microbial respiration amounts also more increased with reducing of the slope. Clay mineralogy of soils located on the catena confirmed the presence of kaolinite, illite, hydroxy interlayer vermiculite and little amounts of chlorite in the soils. The type of clay minerals was the same but their frequency was varied at the different slope positions and soil depths. The results of present study revealed that soil properties were affected by topography in this region.

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4887_6d61f33c327247e760685577a77c8980.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 26 1-2 2016 05 21 Estimation of soil quality indices and its uncertainty using Bootstrap-based Artificial Neural Networks (BANNs) Estimation of soil quality indices and its uncertainty using Bootstrap-based Artificial Neural Networks (BANNs) 173 187 4888 FA M Sabri MR Neyishabouri MA Ghorbani F Shahbazi K Valizadeh Journal Article 2016 06 26 In this study the slope of soil water retention curve at its inflection point(Si) as a soil physical quality index and its correlation with soil convenient properties and with information on vegetation cover from satellite images(SAVI) and digital elevation model (DEM) were studied. For this purpose, 176 disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected from East Azarbaijan and Gilan provinces. The test sites were chosen as such to provide wide variety in terrain, land use characteristics, vegetation, soil types and soil distribution patterns. Particle size distribution, total porosity, bulk density, organic matter, EC, pH, CCE, mean weight diameter(MWD), geometric mean and standard deviation of particle diameter, water content at -30 kPa, DEM and SAVI were used as pedotransfer function (PTFs) inputs. Since reliable hydrologic prediction is essential for planning, developing and rational management of the soils, therefore, in this study the uncertainty involved in Si prediction using artificial neural network (ANN) models was quantified. The uncertainty associated with Si was investigated using the bootstrap based artificial neural networks (BANNs). The performance of PTFs was evaluated using the root mean square error (RMSE) between the observed and the predicted values and the Morgan-granger-newbold test ( MGN). Although variability exists within bootstrapped replications, improvements were achieved with certain input combinations of basic soil properties, topography and vegetation information compared with using only the basic soil properties as inputs. In this study the slope of soil water retention curve at its inflection point(Si) as a soil physical quality index and its correlation with soil convenient properties and with information on vegetation cover from satellite images(SAVI) and digital elevation model (DEM) were studied. For this purpose, 176 disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected from East Azarbaijan and Gilan provinces. The test sites were chosen as such to provide wide variety in terrain, land use characteristics, vegetation, soil types and soil distribution patterns. Particle size distribution, total porosity, bulk density, organic matter, EC, pH, CCE, mean weight diameter(MWD), geometric mean and standard deviation of particle diameter, water content at -30 kPa, DEM and SAVI were used as pedotransfer function (PTFs) inputs. Since reliable hydrologic prediction is essential for planning, developing and rational management of the soils, therefore, in this study the uncertainty involved in Si prediction using artificial neural network (ANN) models was quantified. The uncertainty associated with Si was investigated using the bootstrap based artificial neural networks (BANNs). The performance of PTFs was evaluated using the root mean square error (RMSE) between the observed and the predicted values and the Morgan-granger-newbold test ( MGN). Although variability exists within bootstrapped replications, improvements were achieved with certain input combinations of basic soil properties, topography and vegetation information compared with using only the basic soil properties as inputs.

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4888_f0c46eb775c254a95506d2403ad22696.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 26 1-2 2016 05 21 Relationships between LeafWater Potential, Stress-Degree-Day and Available Water Depletion in Almond Tree under Salinity Stress Relationships between LeafWater Potential, Stress-Degree-Day and Available Water Depletion in Almond Tree under Salinity Stress 189 206 4889 FA A Onnabi Milan MR Neyshabouri MR Mosaddeghi D Zare Haggi Journal Article 2016 06 26

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4889_e495f17b2d2423c7d02a78fc334c7617.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 26 1-2 2016 05 21 Trend Analysis of Precipitation in Northern Half of Iran during the Recent Half of the Century Trend Analysis of Precipitation in Northern Half of Iran during the Recent Half of the Century 207 224 4890 FA F Ahmadi F Radmanesh2, R Mirabbasi Najaf Abadi Journal Article 2016 06 26 Precipitation is one of the important components of the hydrologic cycle that its amount and intensity change in different space and time scales. The researchers believe that changes in concentration of greenhouse gases due to consumption of fossil fuels, leads to strong changes in some of the components of the hydrologic cycle such as precipitation in different parts of the world. In this study, trend of precipitations in the northern half of Iran was invistigated in monthly, seasonal and annual time scales using the Mann-Kendall method. The precipitation data of 18 selected synoptic stations in the period of 1961-2010 were used for this analysis. The Sen's slope estimator was used for determining the slope of the precipitation trend line. Results showed that in the annual time scale, the precipitation at 44% of the stations (8 out of the 18 stations) had a significant downward trend, six stations had insignificant downward trend and only 4 stations (Babolsar, Qazvin, Sabzevar and Tehran) had insignificant upward trend in precipitation. Among the stations, the most strong negetive trend line slope in the case of annual precipitation belonged to the Gorgan station, which was equal to -4.192 mm/yr. In monthly time scale, the number of months with negative trends was 1.3 times greater than that with positive trends. In seasonal time scale, similar to monthly time scale, most of the sites had negative trends. In general, the results indicated that the downward trends of precipitation in northwest of Iran were stronger than those in the central and eastern parts of the country. Precipitation is one of the important components of the hydrologic cycle that its amount and intensity change in different space and time scales. The researchers believe that changes in concentration of greenhouse gases due to consumption of fossil fuels, leads to strong changes in some of the components of the hydrologic cycle such as precipitation in different parts of the world. In this study, trend of precipitations in the northern half of Iran was invistigated in monthly, seasonal and annual time scales using the Mann-Kendall method. The precipitation data of 18 selected synoptic stations in the period of 1961-2010 were used for this analysis. The Sen's slope estimator was used for determining the slope of the precipitation trend line. Results showed that in the annual time scale, the precipitation at 44% of the stations (8 out of the 18 stations) had a significant downward trend, six stations had insignificant downward trend and only 4 stations (Babolsar, Qazvin, Sabzevar and Tehran) had insignificant upward trend in precipitation. Among the stations, the most strong negetive trend line slope in the case of annual precipitation belonged to the Gorgan station, which was equal to -4.192 mm/yr. In monthly time scale, the number of months with negative trends was 1.3 times greater than that with positive trends. In seasonal time scale, similar to monthly time scale, most of the sites had negative trends. In general, the results indicated that the downward trends of precipitation in northwest of Iran were stronger than those in the central and eastern parts of the country.

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4890_1c0e1bad3570be4d20c14d1bf2baabcb.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 26 1-2 2016 05 21 Estimating Longitudinal Dispersion Coefficient of Pollutants in Open Channel Flows Using Artificial Neural Networks Estimating Longitudinal Dispersion Coefficient of Pollutants in Open Channel Flows Using Artificial Neural Networks 225 238 4891 FA E Izadinia A Saadatpour M Heidarpour Journal Article 2016 06 26 The longitudinal dispersion of pollutants is one of the most effiective phases of the pollutants dilution process, which having insight about it is of importance. The complexity of measuring longitudinal dispersion coefficient in rivers increases the necessity of using appropriate methods of modeling to predict it. One of the most efficient methods for modeling is the artificial neural network which is one of the artificial intelligence techniques. In this model, without applying the complex nonlinear equations, the dynamics of the system can be extracted and, by this way the output of the model can be predicted. In this study, the longitudinal dispersion coefficient was predicted by artificial neural network (ANN), using hydraulic and geometric parameters of the streams as input parameters. Results indicated that the feed forward perceptron network had a suitable precision in estimating the longitudinal dispersion coefficient. Sensitivity analysis indicated that in the model, for which the ratio of velocity to the shear velocity was considered as an input variable, the determination coefficient and error function were equal to 0.84 and 0.87%, respectively. However, in the model with an input variable of width to flow depth ratio, the determination coefficient and error function were obtained 0.7 and 1.01%, respectively. Therefore, the ratio of the velocity to the shear velocity or roughness coefficient had a greater impact on longitudinal dispersion coefficient, as compared with the last one. The proposed methodology is an efficient approach to estimate dispersion coefficient in streams and can be implemented into mathematical models of pollutant transfer. The longitudinal dispersion of pollutants is one of the most effiective phases of the pollutants dilution process, which having insight about it is of importance. The complexity of measuring longitudinal dispersion coefficient in rivers increases the necessity of using appropriate methods of modeling to predict it. One of the most efficient methods for modeling is the artificial neural network which is one of the artificial intelligence techniques. In this model, without applying the complex nonlinear equations, the dynamics of the system can be extracted and, by this way the output of the model can be predicted. In this study, the longitudinal dispersion coefficient was predicted by artificial neural network (ANN), using hydraulic and geometric parameters of the streams as input parameters. Results indicated that the feed forward perceptron network had a suitable precision in estimating the longitudinal dispersion coefficient. Sensitivity analysis indicated that in the model, for which the ratio of velocity to the shear velocity was considered as an input variable, the determination coefficient and error function were equal to 0.84 and 0.87%, respectively. However, in the model with an input variable of width to flow depth ratio, the determination coefficient and error function were obtained 0.7 and 1.01%, respectively. Therefore, the ratio of the velocity to the shear velocity or roughness coefficient had a greater impact on longitudinal dispersion coefficient, as compared with the last one. The proposed methodology is an efficient approach to estimate dispersion coefficient in streams and can be implemented into mathematical models of pollutant transfer.

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4891_71f52261e4c0ea159c3898da3b696fd2.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 26 1-2 2016 05 21 Determination of the Best Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) Model for Estimating Grass Reference Crop Evapotranspiration in Coastal Semi-arid Climate of Hormozgan Determination of the Best Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) Model for Estimating Grass Reference Crop Evapotranspiration in Coastal Semi-arid Climate of Hormozgan 239 258 4892 FA M Nekooamal Kermani R Mirabbasi Najafabadi Journal Article 2016 06 26 Accurate estimation of reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) plays an important role in water resources management and planning in dry regions. In this study, accuracy and ability of Adaptive Neuro- Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) in estimating ETo was evaluated. Daily meteorological data, including air temperature, relative humidity, sunshine hours, vapor pressure deficit, wind speed and solar radiation ofMinab synoptic station, Hormozgan province, during 2006 to 2011 were used for modeling. The evapotranspiration values estimated by the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith equation (PM) were considered as the reference values for calibrating ANFIS model. The performance of the developed model with different input combinations was also compared with the empirical models, namely, Hargreaves-Samani (HS) and Blaney- Criddle (BC). The root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and the coefficient of determination (R2) were used for comparing the results of ANFIS, HS and BC methods with reference method (FAO-56 Penman- Monteith equation). The results showed that the ANFIS was a more appropriate method for estimating the ETo inMinab and this model with 6 inputs (with 3 membership functions and Gaussian mixture model) had a better performance than the other considered methods with the R2, MAE and RMSE values of 0.99, 0.03 (mm day-1) and 0.04 (mm day-1), respectively. Also, the ANFIS model with 2 inputs (with 3 membership functions and Gaussian mixture model) was the best model for the stations which had only the measured temperature data. Accurate estimation of reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) plays an important role in water resources management and planning in dry regions. In this study, accuracy and ability of Adaptive Neuro- Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) in estimating ETo was evaluated. Daily meteorological data, including air temperature, relative humidity, sunshine hours, vapor pressure deficit, wind speed and solar radiation ofMinab synoptic station, Hormozgan province, during 2006 to 2011 were used for modeling. The evapotranspiration values estimated by the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith equation (PM) were considered as the reference values for calibrating ANFIS model. The performance of the developed model with different input combinations was also compared with the empirical models, namely, Hargreaves-Samani (HS) and Blaney- Criddle (BC). The root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and the coefficient of determination (R2) were used for comparing the results of ANFIS, HS and BC methods with reference method (FAO-56 Penman- Monteith equation). The results showed that the ANFIS was a more appropriate method for estimating the ETo inMinab and this model with 6 inputs (with 3 membership functions and Gaussian mixture model) had a better performance than the other considered methods with the R2, MAE and RMSE values of 0.99, 0.03 (mm day-1) and 0.04 (mm day-1), respectively. Also, the ANFIS model with 2 inputs (with 3 membership functions and Gaussian mixture model) was the best model for the stations which had only the measured temperature data.

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4892_0b5cae35078bbe4c1c4aca9902b43d0f.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 26 1-2 2016 05 21 Effect of Biochar on Lead and Cadmium Uptake from Applied Paper Factory Sewage Sludge by Sunflower (Heliantus annus L.) Effect of Biochar on Lead and Cadmium Uptake from Applied Paper Factory Sewage Sludge by Sunflower (Heliantus annus L.) 259 271 4893 FA A Hejazizadeh A Gholamalizadeh Ahangar M Ghorbani Journal Article 2016 06 26 Application of sewage sludge in agricultural lands as a fertilizer is a suitable selection for solving management problems of sewage sludge disposal, besides its economic benefits. One of the main limiting factors to use sewage sludge is its high content of heavy metals such as lead and cadmium. Biochar with organic ligands can create complex with heavy metals and makes them immobile in soil, and reduces their transport to plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the Biochar on lead and cadmium uptake from a Paper Factory sewage sludge by the Sunflower (Heliantus annus). For this purpose, a factorial greenhouse experiment as a complete randomized design with three replications was conducted. Four levels of sewage sludge with 0, 15, 20 and 25 (g kg-1 of the soil) and four levels of Biochar with 0, 5, 10 and 15 (g kg-1 of the soil) were used in order to investigate the sewage sludge influence. The results showed that the use of sewage sludge led to a significant increase of the lead and cadmium concentrations in the Sunflower shoots and roots. The results also showed that application of Biochar led to a significant decrease (at 1% probability level) of lead and cadmium concentrations at the shoots and roots of Sunflower. Application of sewage sludge in agricultural lands as a fertilizer is a suitable selection for solving management problems of sewage sludge disposal, besides its economic benefits. One of the main limiting factors to use sewage sludge is its high content of heavy metals such as lead and cadmium. Biochar with organic ligands can create complex with heavy metals and makes them immobile in soil, and reduces their transport to plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the Biochar on lead and cadmium uptake from a Paper Factory sewage sludge by the Sunflower (Heliantus annus). For this purpose, a factorial greenhouse experiment as a complete randomized design with three replications was conducted. Four levels of sewage sludge with 0, 15, 20 and 25 (g kg-1 of the soil) and four levels of Biochar with 0, 5, 10 and 15 (g kg-1 of the soil) were used in order to investigate the sewage sludge influence. The results showed that the use of sewage sludge led to a significant increase of the lead and cadmium concentrations in the Sunflower shoots and roots. The results also showed that application of Biochar led to a significant decrease (at 1% probability level) of lead and cadmium concentrations at the shoots and roots of Sunflower.

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4893_0e8b2bd63673deae7725047c5c57b8a2.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 26 1-2 2016 05 21 Modeling the Monthly Inflow to Jamishan Dam Reservoir Using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average and Adaptive Neuro- Fuzzy Inference System Models Modeling the Monthly Inflow to Jamishan Dam Reservoir Using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average and Adaptive Neuro- Fuzzy Inference System Models 273 285 4894 FA H Moeeni H Bonakdari ُSE Fatemi I Ebtehaj Journal Article 2016 06 26 Hydrological time series modeling is one of the most important issues in water resource management. In this paper monthly inflow to Jamishan dam reservoir in Kermanshah province (west of Iran) is modeled by AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) models. These models are based on stochastic and Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods, respectively. For modeling up to five parameters in the ARIMA model were used and produced 1296 models which were fitted on the time series. In ANFIS model 14 input combinations were defined using the discharges with different lags. Two states of Grid Partitioning (GP) and Subtractive Clustering (SC) were used in Fuzzy Interface System (FIS) generation. Also, in training network Back Propagation (BP) and hybrid algorithms were used. Monthly modeled discharges were compared in the ARIMA and ANFIS models by some indexes such as Mean Absolute Relative Error (MARE) index which was obtained 0.398 and 0.8 for each model, respectively. The result showed that the ARIMA model was much more accurate than ANFIS model in modeling low discharges and also in short and long times modeling. Hydrological time series modeling is one of the most important issues in water resource management. In this paper monthly inflow to Jamishan dam reservoir in Kermanshah province (west of Iran) is modeled by AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) models. These models are based on stochastic and Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods, respectively. For modeling up to five parameters in the ARIMA model were used and produced 1296 models which were fitted on the time series. In ANFIS model 14 input combinations were defined using the discharges with different lags. Two states of Grid Partitioning (GP) and Subtractive Clustering (SC) were used in Fuzzy Interface System (FIS) generation. Also, in training network Back Propagation (BP) and hybrid algorithms were used. Monthly modeled discharges were compared in the ARIMA and ANFIS models by some indexes such as Mean Absolute Relative Error (MARE) index which was obtained 0.398 and 0.8 for each model, respectively. The result showed that the ARIMA model was much more accurate than ANFIS model in modeling low discharges and also in short and long times modeling.

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4894_b69b9b7e16bb2f3f01ed06ce6234c986.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 26 1-2 2016 05 21 Evaluation of HYDRUS 2D Software to Estimate StoredWater and Wetting Pattern of Surface Drip Irrigation Evaluation of HYDRUS 2D Software to Estimate StoredWater and Wetting Pattern of Surface Drip Irrigation 287 301 4895 FA M Bazaneh A Khorsand K Zeinalzadeh S Besharat Journal Article 2016 06 26 Characteristics of a produced soil wetting front by a point source plays considerable role in the efficiency of drip irrigation. The Shape of wetting pattern depends on various factors such as soil texture and layers, soil structure and emitter discharge. The purposes of this study include evaluation of wetting front advancement and comparison of HYDRUS 2D model simulations of surface drip irrigation with measured data on the field and estimating the depth of stored water in soil layers. In this study, a drip irrigation using T-Tape method was carried out on a sandy-loam soil at four different irrigation times (2, 4, 8 and 24 hour).Volumetric water content of soil samples were measured by gravimetric method. Evaluation of the simulated and measured soil water content was performed by using adjusted coefficient of correlation (R2), relative error (RE) and normalized root mean square errors (NRMSE) values. Based on the results, the NRMSE value for water content of soil profile with radial distances of zero and 10 (cm) from the dripper location, was calculated in the range of 10 to 15 and 7 to 14 percent, respectively. Also, the RE and average R2 values for the same water content were calculated in the range of 8 to 16 and 7 to 13 percent and 0.96 and 0.95, respectively. The results indicated that the HYDRUS 2D model could predict the soil water content with appropriate precision. Also, three scenarios including 1-double discharge increment (Q2), 2- soil bulk density increment (S1) and 3- soil bulk density reduction (S2), were evaluated for investigating the amount of water stored in the soil profile. The results showed that the effect of soil bulk density parameter (S1 and S2) on the amount of stored water depth is greater than the impact of discharge (Q2). So as a reduction of 5% in bulk density, on average, increased the stored water depth in the soil profile the rate of 69.85 percent, while this enhancement for the 2-fold increase in the discharge scenario was 41.91 percent. Characteristics of a produced soil wetting front by a point source plays considerable role in the efficiency of drip irrigation. The Shape of wetting pattern depends on various factors such as soil texture and layers, soil structure and emitter discharge. The purposes of this study include evaluation of wetting front advancement and comparison of HYDRUS 2D model simulations of surface drip irrigation with measured data on the field and estimating the depth of stored water in soil layers. In this study, a drip irrigation using T-Tape method was carried out on a sandy-loam soil at four different irrigation times (2, 4, 8 and 24 hour).Volumetric water content of soil samples were measured by gravimetric method. Evaluation of the simulated and measured soil water content was performed by using adjusted coefficient of correlation (R2), relative error (RE) and normalized root mean square errors (NRMSE) values. Based on the results, the NRMSE value for water content of soil profile with radial distances of zero and 10 (cm) from the dripper location, was calculated in the range of 10 to 15 and 7 to 14 percent, respectively. Also, the RE and average R2 values for the same water content were calculated in the range of 8 to 16 and 7 to 13 percent and 0.96 and 0.95, respectively. The results indicated that the HYDRUS 2D model could predict the soil water content with appropriate precision. Also, three scenarios including 1-double discharge increment (Q2), 2- soil bulk density increment (S1) and 3- soil bulk density reduction (S2), were evaluated for investigating the amount of water stored in the soil profile. The results showed that the effect of soil bulk density parameter (S1 and S2) on the amount of stored water depth is greater than the impact of discharge (Q2). So as a reduction of 5% in bulk density, on average, increased the stored water depth in the soil profile the rate of 69.85 percent, while this enhancement for the 2-fold increase in the discharge scenario was 41.91 percent.

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4895_121d83832e876e217a302a9096d6d556.pdf