University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 25 1-4 2016 02 20 Dam-Break Flood Waves Analysis and The Floodplain Mapping using Mathematical Model (Case Study: Vanyar Dam) Dam-Break Flood Waves Analysis and The Floodplain Mapping using Mathematical Model (Case Study: Vanyar Dam) 1 15 4585 FA Y Hassanzadeh V Nourani V Sepehri H Delafrouz M Hassanzadeh F Almaspoor Journal Article 2014 08 09 In this research, the dam break problem has been presented from the viewpoints of importance, mechanism, spatial and temporal analyses as well as governing mathematical equations. For this purpose, the output hydrographs of the Vanyar dam site have been computed by breach model under a fictitious dam break scenario (overtopping) as the first step. In the next step, the output hydrographs have been routed through the downstream river by using HEC-RAS model. Then water levels and wave front arrival times have been computed at all cross sections. Finally the obtained results have been imposed to Geographic Information Systems in order to obtain the presentation of the results to develop floodplain maps. Considering the obtained results, the output hydrograph’s shapes have moderate slope, because gradually breach mechanism occurs in the dam in this scenario. Furthermore, the power of the flood is considerably decreased without any significant financial damages under the geomorphological and topographical downstream conditions of the river close to the dam site. However, the study shows that some villages and installations in the downstream may be prone with some minor damages. Also the maximum flood plain and wave front arrival time at the downstream have been calculated. In this research, the dam break problem has been presented from the viewpoints of importance, mechanism, spatial and temporal analyses as well as governing mathematical equations. For this purpose, the output hydrographs of the Vanyar dam site have been computed by breach model under a fictitious dam break scenario (overtopping) as the first step. In the next step, the output hydrographs have been routed through the downstream river by using HEC-RAS model. Then water levels and wave front arrival times have been computed at all cross sections. Finally the obtained results have been imposed to Geographic Information Systems in order to obtain the presentation of the results to develop floodplain maps. Considering the obtained results, the output hydrograph’s shapes have moderate slope, because gradually breach mechanism occurs in the dam in this scenario. Furthermore, the power of the flood is considerably decreased without any significant financial damages under the geomorphological and topographical downstream conditions of the river close to the dam site. However, the study shows that some villages and installations in the downstream may be prone with some minor damages. Also the maximum flood plain and wave front arrival time at the downstream have been calculated.

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4585_6c75514f3cc171929008af940b3f32e5.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 25 1-4 2016 02 20 Effects of Soil Water Repellency on Soil Moisture Retention Curve and S-Index in Two Soils with Different Textures Effects of Soil Water Repellency on Soil Moisture Retention Curve and S-Index in Two Soils with Different Textures 17 26 4586 FA H Beyrami MR Neyshabouri F Abbasi A Nazemi Journal Article 2014 07 27 Water repellent soil is a soil that is not immediately wetted when a drop of water is placed on its surface. Soil water repellency is formed by complex waxy organic compounds. During the decomposition of the organic matters, these waxy compounds cover soil particles and the soil becomes water repellent. Due to the influence of the size and arrangement of the pores on soil water retention curve, the slope of the retention curve at its inflection point that has been defined as soil physical quality index (S), reflects different aspects of soil physical quality such as penetration of water, air and roots and bulk density. In this study, two clay loam and sandy loam soils from the forest and grassland (converted to dryland farming) around the Kaleybar city, East-Azarbaijan province (Iran), were sampled and artificially hydrophobized by stearic acid at different concentrations to obtain five different degrees of water repellency. The purpose was to investigate the effects of water repellency on soil water retention curve, van Genuchten model coefficients and soil physical quality or S index. To achieve these objectives, laboratory-scale studies were conducted in disturbed soil columns (in triplicate). Results indicated that with increasing water repellency (from degree 1 to 5) in both soils, soil water retention curve and van Genuchten coefficients were affected significantly (p<5%). The S index decreased from 0.0592 to 0.0254 in sandy loam soil and from 0.0681 to 0.0537 in clay loam soil with increasing water repellency from degree 1 to 5. Statistical comparison indicated significant difference (p<0.05) in the values of the parameters n and m of van Genuchten model, saturation, field capacity, residual and inflection point moisture between various degrees of water repellency. The value of the a in van Genuchten model varied significantly (p<0.05) among all of water repellency degrees in sandy loam, but in the clay loam only the second degree of water repellency significantly affected the value of a in van Genuchten model. Water repellent soil is a soil that is not immediately wetted when a drop of water is placed on its surface. Soil water repellency is formed by complex waxy organic compounds. During the decomposition of the organic matters, these waxy compounds cover soil particles and the soil becomes water repellent. Due to the influence of the size and arrangement of the pores on soil water retention curve, the slope of the retention curve at its inflection point that has been defined as soil physical quality index (S), reflects different aspects of soil physical quality such as penetration of water, air and roots and bulk density. In this study, two clay loam and sandy loam soils from the forest and grassland (converted to dryland farming) around the Kaleybar city, East-Azarbaijan province (Iran), were sampled and artificially hydrophobized by stearic acid at different concentrations to obtain five different degrees of water repellency. The purpose was to investigate the effects of water repellency on soil water retention curve, van Genuchten model coefficients and soil physical quality or S index. To achieve these objectives, laboratory-scale studies were conducted in disturbed soil columns (in triplicate). Results indicated that with increasing water repellency (from degree 1 to 5) in both soils, soil water retention curve and van Genuchten coefficients were affected significantly (p<5%). The S index decreased from 0.0592 to 0.0254 in sandy loam soil and from 0.0681 to 0.0537 in clay loam soil with increasing water repellency from degree 1 to 5. Statistical comparison indicated significant difference (p<0.05) in the values of the parameters n and m of van Genuchten model, saturation, field capacity, residual and inflection point moisture between various degrees of water repellency. The value of the a in van Genuchten model varied significantly (p<0.05) among all of water repellency degrees in sandy loam, but in the clay loam only the second degree of water repellency significantly affected the value of a in van Genuchten model.

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4586_0269725d6d2f387bf576e5eece65436e.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 25 1-4 2016 02 20 Effects of Sinorhizobium meliloti Bacterium and Phosphorus on Leaf Chlorophyll Index, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Concentrations in Alfalfa Shoot and Root under Drought Stress Conditions Effects of Sinorhizobium meliloti Bacterium and Phosphorus on Leaf Chlorophyll Index, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Concentrations in Alfalfa Shoot and Root under Drought Stress Conditions 27 45 4587 FA Sh Markarian N Najafi2 N Aliasgharzad Sh Oustan Journal Article 2014 09 16 Soil water and nutrients are important factors controlling plants growth. Legumes inoculation with nitrogen fixing bacteria and phosphorus (P) fertilization can improve plants growth in drought stress conditions. The effects of Sinorhizobium meliloti inoculation, soil water and P levels on leaf chlorophyll index, nitrogen (N) and P concentrations in alfalfa (Medicago sativa cv. Ghareyonjeh) shoot and root were studied by conducting an experiment under greenhouse conditions in a clay loam soil. The study was performed as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete blocks design including soil water conditions at three levels (0.5FC-0.6FC, 0.7FC-0.8FC and 0.9FC-FC), P at three levels (0, 30 and 60 mg P kg-1 soil equal to 0, 60 and 120 kg P ha-1 as Ca (H2PO4)2.H2O, respectively) and bacterium inoculation at two levels (with and without S. melilotiinoculation), with three replications. The leaf chlorophyll index was measured during the growth period. After harvesting, concentrations of N and P in the alfalfa shoot and root were measured. The results indicated that the leaf chlorophyll index and shoot N concentration were significantly increased by decreasing soil moisture content from 0.9FC-FC to 0.5FC-0.6FC (water deficit stress) and shoot and root P concentrations were significantly decreased (p<0.01), while the root N concentration was not change significantly. The P fertilization caused increment of the leaf chlorophyll index, shoot and root N and P concentrations (p<0.01). The leaf chlorophyll index, shoot and root N and shoot P concentrations were increased by S. meliloti inoculation but the root P concentration was not change significantly. Application of P and S. meliloti inoculation improved the drought stress tolerance of alfalfa. In general, in order to improve nutrition and growth of alfalfa and its drought stress tolerance, application of 30 or 60 mg P kg-1 soil and S. meliloti inoculation can be recommended under with and without drought stress conditions. Soil water and nutrients are important factors controlling plants growth. Legumes inoculation with nitrogen fixing bacteria and phosphorus (P) fertilization can improve plants growth in drought stress conditions. The effects of Sinorhizobium meliloti inoculation, soil water and P levels on leaf chlorophyll index, nitrogen (N) and P concentrations in alfalfa (Medicago sativa cv. Ghareyonjeh) shoot and root were studied by conducting an experiment under greenhouse conditions in a clay loam soil. The study was performed as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete blocks design including soil water conditions at three levels (0.5FC-0.6FC, 0.7FC-0.8FC and 0.9FC-FC), P at three levels (0, 30 and 60 mg P kg-1 soil equal to 0, 60 and 120 kg P ha-1 as Ca (H2PO4)2.H2O, respectively) and bacterium inoculation at two levels (with and without S. melilotiinoculation), with three replications. The leaf chlorophyll index was measured during the growth period. After harvesting, concentrations of N and P in the alfalfa shoot and root were measured. The results indicated that the leaf chlorophyll index and shoot N concentration were significantly increased by decreasing soil moisture content from 0.9FC-FC to 0.5FC-0.6FC (water deficit stress) and shoot and root P concentrations were significantly decreased (p<0.01), while the root N concentration was not change significantly. The P fertilization caused increment of the leaf chlorophyll index, shoot and root N and P concentrations (p<0.01). The leaf chlorophyll index, shoot and root N and shoot P concentrations were increased by S. meliloti inoculation but the root P concentration was not change significantly. Application of P and S. meliloti inoculation improved the drought stress tolerance of alfalfa. In general, in order to improve nutrition and growth of alfalfa and its drought stress tolerance, application of 30 or 60 mg P kg-1 soil and S. meliloti inoculation can be recommended under with and without drought stress conditions.

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4587_ea2c1a9658c0ee88a580a6a7f361a040.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 25 1-4 2016 02 20 Evaluation of Discharge Coefficient in Sharp Crested Side Weirs with Rectangular and Triangular Cross Sections Evaluation of Discharge Coefficient in Sharp Crested Side Weirs with Rectangular and Triangular Cross Sections 47 56 4588 FA H Tabrizi1 R Fattahi2 B Ghorbani Journal Article 2013 09 23 Side weirs are flow diversion and protection devices that are widely used in irrigation, land drainage and urban sewage systems. This study investigates the discharge coefficient of rectangular and triangular sharp crested side weirs and identifies the effective factors on this parameter by using dimensional analysis and statistical approaches. In addition to calculating the discharge coefficient, equations with 5 percent error for rectangular and 3 percent error for triangular shape have been proposed. For checking the effect of factors on this parameter sensitivity analysis is performed. The results demonstrate that the most important effective factors on discharge coefficient of the rectangular and triangular weirs are Froude number and dimensionless ratio of the main channel wide to the depth of flow in the upstream of the weir, respectively. Error of discharge coefficient (Cd) can be increased up to 7 percent for rectangular weir and 4 percent for triangular side weir with ignoring these factors. Also accurate estimation of discharge coefficient, merely with considering the upstream hydraulic condition, is not correct. The geometry of the cross section should be considered as an effective factor for determination of discharge coefficient, and this approach, decreases error of the calculation up to 3 percent. Side weirs are flow diversion and protection devices that are widely used in irrigation, land drainage and urban sewage systems. This study investigates the discharge coefficient of rectangular and triangular sharp crested side weirs and identifies the effective factors on this parameter by using dimensional analysis and statistical approaches. In addition to calculating the discharge coefficient, equations with 5 percent error for rectangular and 3 percent error for triangular shape have been proposed. For checking the effect of factors on this parameter sensitivity analysis is performed. The results demonstrate that the most important effective factors on discharge coefficient of the rectangular and triangular weirs are Froude number and dimensionless ratio of the main channel wide to the depth of flow in the upstream of the weir, respectively. Error of discharge coefficient (Cd) can be increased up to 7 percent for rectangular weir and 4 percent for triangular side weir with ignoring these factors. Also accurate estimation of discharge coefficient, merely with considering the upstream hydraulic condition, is not correct. The geometry of the cross section should be considered as an effective factor for determination of discharge coefficient, and this approach, decreases error of the calculation up to 3 percent.

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4588_f0f32a805259a5d0910d37a00530abde.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 25 1-4 2016 02 20 Estimation of Agricultural Water Productivity Using Remote Sensing Technology (Case Study: Qazvin Plain Irrigation Network) Estimation of Agricultural Water Productivity Using Remote Sensing Technology (Case Study: Qazvin Plain Irrigation Network) 57 68 4589 FA F Khoshnavaz1 T Honar P Daneshkar-Arasteh Journal Article 2014 01 21 Nowadays, application of remote sensing data in water resources, particularly in irrigation management has been widely acknowledged by researchers. In this research feasibility of the use of energy balance model for estimation of evapotranspiration and assessment of agricultural water productivity in a large irrigated area of the Qazvin plain irrigation network was studied, using satellite data. The SEBAL Energy balance algorithm was used to calculate evapotranspiration. SEBAL uses the reflectance capability of solar radiation that is received by satellite sensors and estimates the evapotranspiration from the residue of energy balance equation. In this study, moderate-spatial resolution of Landsat 7 ETM+ images for the semi-arid climate of the study area of Qazvin Plain were considered and the resulted evapotranspiration values were modified and adapted using the FAO-56 methodology for 2001. The results showed a good agreement between FAO Penman- Monteith data and the resulted actual ET values from Landsat 7 ETM+ images in 2010. Values of total daily evapotranspiration varied from 3.8 to 6.7 mm per day. Also, agricultural water productivity for dry biomass was estimated to be about 0.92 and 1.22 kg m-3 based on ground data and the resulted data from Landsat 7 ETM+ images, respectively. Nowadays, application of remote sensing data in water resources, particularly in irrigation management has been widely acknowledged by researchers. In this research feasibility of the use of energy balance model for estimation of evapotranspiration and assessment of agricultural water productivity in a large irrigated area of the Qazvin plain irrigation network was studied, using satellite data. The SEBAL Energy balance algorithm was used to calculate evapotranspiration. SEBAL uses the reflectance capability of solar radiation that is received by satellite sensors and estimates the evapotranspiration from the residue of energy balance equation. In this study, moderate-spatial resolution of Landsat 7 ETM+ images for the semi-arid climate of the study area of Qazvin Plain were considered and the resulted evapotranspiration values were modified and adapted using the FAO-56 methodology for 2001. The results showed a good agreement between FAO Penman- Monteith data and the resulted actual ET values from Landsat 7 ETM+ images in 2010. Values of total daily evapotranspiration varied from 3.8 to 6.7 mm per day. Also, agricultural water productivity for dry biomass was estimated to be about 0.92 and 1.22 kg m-3 based on ground data and the resulted data from Landsat 7 ETM+ images, respectively.

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4589_029fefb0398dd22127109c0862aab0c6.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 25 1-4 2016 02 20 Effect of Green Manure on pH, Dissolved Organic Carbon and Soil Phosphorous Availability with Distance from Roots of Corn and Canola Effect of Green Manure on pH, Dissolved Organic Carbon and Soil Phosphorous Availability with Distance from Roots of Corn and Canola 69 82 4590 FA Y Azimzadeh H Shariatmadari M Shirvani Journal Article 2013 10 04 Small portion of soil phosphorous (P) is usable by plants. To investigate the effects of alfalfa green manure (2% w/w) and roots of corn and canola in single and intercropping systems on available P concentration in soil, a greenhouse experiment was conducted using rhizobox system. The experiment was arranged as a split factorial design with 3 replications, two levels of green manure (0 and 2%), 4 zones with distance from root (rhizosphere, near rhizosphere, near bulk soil and bulk soil) and 4 culture systems (corn, canola, mixed culture and control (not cultivated)) based on completely randomized design. Canola and corn were cultivated at the middle part of rhizobox in mixed or separate forms. The plants were harvested 85 days after sowing and the soil samples were taken from different parts of the rhizobox. The results showed that the green manure reduced the soil pH more than 0.19 and enhanced the dissolved organic carbon concentration (DOC) and soil available P by 25 mg L-1 and 9.47 mg kg-1, respectively. The soil pH and available-P were increased while the DOC was decreased from rhizosphere toward the bulk soil. The bulk soil (over 16 mm distance from root) was not apparently affected by the root activity. Also the results showed that the green manure addition increased the dry weight in corn and canola and also increased the P concentration and uptake in canola while it decreased the P concentration and uptake in corn. Dry weight of intercropping system was more than that of single culture of corn and canola. Small portion of soil phosphorous (P) is usable by plants. To investigate the effects of alfalfa green manure (2% w/w) and roots of corn and canola in single and intercropping systems on available P concentration in soil, a greenhouse experiment was conducted using rhizobox system. The experiment was arranged as a split factorial design with 3 replications, two levels of green manure (0 and 2%), 4 zones with distance from root (rhizosphere, near rhizosphere, near bulk soil and bulk soil) and 4 culture systems (corn, canola, mixed culture and control (not cultivated)) based on completely randomized design. Canola and corn were cultivated at the middle part of rhizobox in mixed or separate forms. The plants were harvested 85 days after sowing and the soil samples were taken from different parts of the rhizobox. The results showed that the green manure reduced the soil pH more than 0.19 and enhanced the dissolved organic carbon concentration (DOC) and soil available P by 25 mg L-1 and 9.47 mg kg-1, respectively. The soil pH and available-P were increased while the DOC was decreased from rhizosphere toward the bulk soil. The bulk soil (over 16 mm distance from root) was not apparently affected by the root activity. Also the results showed that the green manure addition increased the dry weight in corn and canola and also increased the P concentration and uptake in canola while it decreased the P concentration and uptake in corn. Dry weight of intercropping system was more than that of single culture of corn and canola.

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4590_0fb15f059543846ae4fd3cef05f8f74d.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 25 1-4 2016 02 20 Application of Multi Criteria Analysis to Select the Best Fit Flood Frequency Distribution (Case Study of Mahabad River) Application of Multi Criteria Analysis to Select the Best Fit Flood Frequency Distribution (Case Study of Mahabad River) 83 98 4606 FA Osman Mohammadpour Yousef Hasanzadeh Ahmad Khodadadi Bahram Sagafiyan Journal Article 2013 10 04

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4606_e6e509d281037aabaf4ec79345e0b7ff.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 25 1-4 2016 02 20 Experimental Study on the Effect of Roughness Height on the Water Entrainment and Control of Density Current Discharge Experimental Study on the Effect of Roughness Height on the Water Entrainment and Control of Density Current Discharge 99 111 4607 FA Mehdi Daryaee Seyed Mahmoud Kashefipour Mehdi Ghomshi Journal Article 2014 03 03

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4607_bdce81b926c5429354b58901ff326c3f.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 25 1-4 2016 02 20 Comparing Combined ARMA-PARCH and ARMA-ARCH Models for Modeling Peak Flow Discharge (Case Study: Siminehrood River in the West Azarbaijan Province) Comparing Combined ARMA-PARCH and ARMA-ARCH Models for Modeling Peak Flow Discharge (Case Study: Siminehrood River in the West Azarbaijan Province) 113 127 4609 FA Mohammad Nazeri Tahrodi Keivan Khalili Journal Article 2014 08 17

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4609_4878bcf1a971a893c498c2a3bda361aa.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 25 1-4 2016 02 20 Effects of Burning of Sugarcane and Maize Residues on Different Forms of Carbon in Some Soils of Khuzestan Province Effects of Burning of Sugarcane and Maize Residues on Different Forms of Carbon in Some Soils of Khuzestan Province 129 142 4610 FA Neda Haghighat Khah Saied Hojjati Ahmad Landi Hosein Motamedi Journal Article 2014 05 10

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4610_6bef3c00376b02d3f739ee4fb5f12b2d.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 25 1-4 2016 02 20 Investigation on Changes of Heavy Metals Concentrations in the Alluvial Sediments of Sungun Copper Mine, East Azerbaijan province, Iran Investigation on Changes of Heavy Metals Concentrations in the Alluvial Sediments of Sungun Copper Mine, East Azerbaijan province, Iran 143 155 4611 FA Somayyeh Aghili Abdolreza Vaezi Hir Mohammadreza Hoseinzadeh Adel Reyhani Tabar Journal Article 2014 11 21 In this study, performances of the hydrological model of Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and support vector machine (SVM) in monthly simulating the runoff of Lighvanchai river were evaluated. After collecting the required data, the models were calibrated and verified. The SUFI-2 algorithm was used for uncertainty analysis of the SWAT model. The discharge of the Urmia lake basin was simulated using SWAT model and the results obtained for the Lighvan station were used in this study. The SVM model was applied using the rainfall and runoff data measured in the Lighvan station. In order to improve the results, the time series with different lag times were used. Three statistical criteria including coefficient of determination (R2), Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (NS) and root mean square error (RMSE) were used to evaluate the performances of the models. The results revealed the ability of the both models in simulating the discharge of Lighvanchai river. However, the SWAT model had better performance than SVM in simulating the maximum values of the runoff of Lighvanchai river with NS and RMSE values of 0.71 and 0.41 m3s-1 respectively. In this study, performances of the hydrological model of Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and support vector machine (SVM) in monthly simulating the runoff of Lighvanchai river were evaluated. After collecting the required data, the models were calibrated and verified. The SUFI-2 algorithm was used for uncertainty analysis of the SWAT model. The discharge of the Urmia lake basin was simulated using SWAT model and the results obtained for the Lighvan station were used in this study. The SVM model was applied using the rainfall and runoff data measured in the Lighvan station. In order to improve the results, the time series with different lag times were used. Three statistical criteria including coefficient of determination (R2), Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (NS) and root mean square error (RMSE) were used to evaluate the performances of the models. The results revealed the ability of the both models in simulating the discharge of Lighvanchai river. However, the SWAT model had better performance than SVM in simulating the maximum values of the runoff of Lighvanchai river with NS and RMSE values of 0.71 and 0.41 m3s-1 respectively.

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4611_94c911fde7b4182fa173b57e4d275b98.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 25 1-4 2016 02 20 Investigation of Changes in Rangeland Soil Characteristics and its Functional Attributes Affected by Different Grazing Intensities (Case study: mountainous rangelands of Nesho, Mazandaran province) Investigation of Changes in Rangeland Soil Characteristics and its Functional Attributes Affected by Different Grazing Intensities (Case study: mountainous rangelands of Nesho, Mazandaran province) 157 168 4612 FA Amir Hosein Kavianpour Gholamali Heshmati Seyed Habibeh Hoseini Journal Article 2014 04 08 The large numbers of environmental management decisions associated with soil are influenced by its evolution because soil is a dynamic environment. Based on necessity of soil genesis and evolution assessments, this research work was carried out along an altitudinal transects of Kaleybar Chai Sofla sub-basin in Arasbaran forests and completed by soil morphological and micromorphological studies, physical and chemical analyses, soil classification and calculation of Harden index in eight control profiles. Results revealed the presence of four soil orders of Entisols, Inceptisols, Mollisols and Alfisols in two replications with different families in two elevation parts along altitudinal transects, due to various soil forming processes such as weathering, littering and humification, calcification and lessivage. Observation of weathering rate increasing, soil profile thickness development, differences in variety and intensity of pedofeatures such as clay coating, calcitic pedofeatures, organic residues, excrements and derived micromorphological properties by decreasing of elevation and also calculation of Harden index revealed the presence of more developed Entisols, Inceptisols, Mollisols in lower elevation in comparison to the same orders in the upper one. But the inverse condition of Alfisols evolution was related to the role of vegetation in soil stabilization, development and evolution in unsuitable topographic condition of upper parts of the study area. Therefore, it seems that elevation is not the main soil forming factor in the studied scale, but it can be identified as a main effective factor in soil evolution. Besides main findings, results showed that different horizon distinction revealed different concepts from soil evolution. The large numbers of environmental management decisions associated with soil are influenced by its evolution because soil is a dynamic environment. Based on necessity of soil genesis and evolution assessments, this research work was carried out along an altitudinal transects of Kaleybar Chai Sofla sub-basin in Arasbaran forests and completed by soil morphological and micromorphological studies, physical and chemical analyses, soil classification and calculation of Harden index in eight control profiles. Results revealed the presence of four soil orders of Entisols, Inceptisols, Mollisols and Alfisols in two replications with different families in two elevation parts along altitudinal transects, due to various soil forming processes such as weathering, littering and humification, calcification and lessivage. Observation of weathering rate increasing, soil profile thickness development, differences in variety and intensity of pedofeatures such as clay coating, calcitic pedofeatures, organic residues, excrements and derived micromorphological properties by decreasing of elevation and also calculation of Harden index revealed the presence of more developed Entisols, Inceptisols, Mollisols in lower elevation in comparison to the same orders in the upper one. But the inverse condition of Alfisols evolution was related to the role of vegetation in soil stabilization, development and evolution in unsuitable topographic condition of upper parts of the study area. Therefore, it seems that elevation is not the main soil forming factor in the studied scale, but it can be identified as a main effective factor in soil evolution. Besides main findings, results showed that different horizon distinction revealed different concepts from soil evolution.

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4612_0d36b33156af44cedb71f40976734a59.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 25 1-4 2016 02 20 Measurements of Standard Maize Evapotranspiration Using Water Balance Method and Variable Root Depth in an Arid and Semi-Arid Region Measurements of Standard Maize Evapotranspiration Using Water Balance Method and Variable Root Depth in an Arid and Semi-Arid Region 169 180 4613 FA Shahrokh Zand-Parsa Maedeh Mahmodiyan Shoshtari Abolfazl Majnooni Heris Journal Article 2013 12 22 In order to study the effects of vermicompost and chemical fertilizers on soil physicochemical characteristics and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Bahar) yield, a field experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 11 treatments and 4 replications was conducted in Mahidasht Agricultural Research Station during growing season of 2013. Treatments included, T1: application of 50% NPK chemical fertilizer, T2: application of 50% NPK plus 3 tons ha-1 of vermicompost, T3: application of 50% NPK plus 5 tons ha-1 of vermicompost, T4: application of 50% NPK plus 7 tons ha-1 of vermicompost, T5: application of 100% NPK, T6: application of 3 tons ha-1 vermicompost, T7: application of 5 tons ha-1 vermicompost, T8: application of 7 tons ha-1 vermicompost, T9: application of 3 tons ha-1 vermicompost plus crop fertilizer requirement minus equivalent amount of chemical fertilizers in 3 tons vermicompost, T10: application of 5 tons ha-1 vermicompost plus crop fertilizer requirement minus equivalent amount of chemical fertilizers in 5 tons vermicompost, T11: application of 7 tons ha-1 vermicompost plus crop fertilizer requirement minus equivalent amount of chemical fertilizers in 7 tons vermicompost. The lowest value of pH (7.7) was achieved by application of 7 tons vermicompost (T8) which decreased 5.39% compared to chemical fertilizer treatments. Also, the lowest bulk density (1.25 g cm-3), the greatest organic carbon percent (1.84) and the highest total porosity (57.16%) belonged to the application of 7 tons ha-1 vermicompost. Soil total nitrogen by application of 7 tons vermicompost was 80.45 and 72.52 percent higher than 50% and 100% NPK treatments, respectively. Results showed that application of 7 tons ha-1 vermicompost (T8) followed by T11 and T4 treatments showed the highest effect on soil physicochemical properties compared to other treatments especially chemical treatments. Also, the highest wheat yield was achieved by application of 7 tons ha-1 vermicompost plus crop fertilizer requirement minus equivalent amount of chemical fertilizers in 7 tons vermicompost (T11) and followed by application of 5 tons ha-1 vermicompost plus crop fertilizer requirement minus equivalent amount of chemical fertilizers in 5 tons vermicompost (T10). In order to study the effects of vermicompost and chemical fertilizers on soil physicochemical characteristics and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Bahar) yield, a field experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 11 treatments and 4 replications was conducted in Mahidasht Agricultural Research Station during growing season of 2013. Treatments included, T1: application of 50% NPK chemical fertilizer, T2: application of 50% NPK plus 3 tons ha-1 of vermicompost, T3: application of 50% NPK plus 5 tons ha-1 of vermicompost, T4: application of 50% NPK plus 7 tons ha-1 of vermicompost, T5: application of 100% NPK, T6: application of 3 tons ha-1 vermicompost, T7: application of 5 tons ha-1 vermicompost, T8: application of 7 tons ha-1 vermicompost, T9: application of 3 tons ha-1 vermicompost plus crop fertilizer requirement minus equivalent amount of chemical fertilizers in 3 tons vermicompost, T10: application of 5 tons ha-1 vermicompost plus crop fertilizer requirement minus equivalent amount of chemical fertilizers in 5 tons vermicompost, T11: application of 7 tons ha-1 vermicompost plus crop fertilizer requirement minus equivalent amount of chemical fertilizers in 7 tons vermicompost. The lowest value of pH (7.7) was achieved by application of 7 tons vermicompost (T8) which decreased 5.39% compared to chemical fertilizer treatments. Also, the lowest bulk density (1.25 g cm-3), the greatest organic carbon percent (1.84) and the highest total porosity (57.16%) belonged to the application of 7 tons ha-1 vermicompost. Soil total nitrogen by application of 7 tons vermicompost was 80.45 and 72.52 percent higher than 50% and 100% NPK treatments, respectively. Results showed that application of 7 tons ha-1 vermicompost (T8) followed by T11 and T4 treatments showed the highest effect on soil physicochemical properties compared to other treatments especially chemical treatments. Also, the highest wheat yield was achieved by application of 7 tons ha-1 vermicompost plus crop fertilizer requirement minus equivalent amount of chemical fertilizers in 7 tons vermicompost (T11) and followed by application of 5 tons ha-1 vermicompost plus crop fertilizer requirement minus equivalent amount of chemical fertilizers in 5 tons vermicompost (T10).

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4613_a512861639611024ab162f8936abbf55.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 25 1-4 2016 02 20 Effect of Groyne on Reducing Coastal Erosion in River Bend Effect of Groyne on Reducing Coastal Erosion in River Bend 181 193 4614 FA Masomeh Zare Tooraj Honar Journal Article 2014 09 21 Kinetic energy of the water over large spillways should be dissipated in the stilling basins by generation of a hydraulic jump in order to prevent scouring of riverbed and damaging the downstream structures. There are many types of stilling basins, and the most popular ones in practice are the standard USBR basins. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the behavior of perforated and continuous sills in stilling basin as well as their effects on the characteristics of a hydraulic jump including jump length and relative dissipated energy. Results of experiments indicate that the perforated sill, in comparison with the continuous one, has a better behavior in controlling and stabilization of hydraulic jump within the stilling basin which increases the energy dissipation and reduces the jump length. Furthermore, the results show that the perforated sill with 50% opening reduces the basin length about 61% of the required basin length for a free hydraulic jump. Moreover, perforated sill basins are able to dissipate 60% of the inflow energy at Froude number 4.5, while dissipation of energy increases to 90% at Froude number 12. Kinetic energy of the water over large spillways should be dissipated in the stilling basins by generation of a hydraulic jump in order to prevent scouring of riverbed and damaging the downstream structures. There are many types of stilling basins, and the most popular ones in practice are the standard USBR basins. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the behavior of perforated and continuous sills in stilling basin as well as their effects on the characteristics of a hydraulic jump including jump length and relative dissipated energy. Results of experiments indicate that the perforated sill, in comparison with the continuous one, has a better behavior in controlling and stabilization of hydraulic jump within the stilling basin which increases the energy dissipation and reduces the jump length. Furthermore, the results show that the perforated sill with 50% opening reduces the basin length about 61% of the required basin length for a free hydraulic jump. Moreover, perforated sill basins are able to dissipate 60% of the inflow energy at Froude number 4.5, while dissipation of energy increases to 90% at Froude number 12.

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4614_7f68a07cc46bdbf03ad2a5cb0aa95e52.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 25 1-4 2016 02 20 Prediction of Soil Profile Moisture and Salinity Using AquaCrop Model Under Different Deficit Irrigation and Salinity Treatments Prediction of Soil Profile Moisture and Salinity Using AquaCrop Model Under Different Deficit Irrigation and Salinity Treatments 195 210 4615 FA Masoud Mohammadi Kamran Davari Bijan Gahraman Hosein Ansari Ali Shahidi Journal Article 2014 05 05 The van Genuchten (vG) function is often used to describe the soil water retention curve (SWRC) of unsaturated soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate a method to determine the vG model parameters m and α of 100 soil samples of Guilan province from the fractal dimension of SWRC. Also, we used two models introduced by Lenhard et al and vG for estimating m from pore size distribution index of Brooks and Corey (BC) model. In both of the mentioned methods, the relationship between pore size distribution index of BC and SWRC fractal dimension was used. Also, vG parameters using Rosetta software were estimated and then, the amounts of vG parameters from the Rosetta, fractal method and RETC were compared. Results showed that Rosetta software had a better estimation of vG parameters than the Rosetta. The estimated vG model parameters m and α obtained with the above-mentioned different methods, in conjunction with measured saturated water contents, were used to estimate water contents at different matric potentials and compared with determined values by RETC via fitting of vG model on the measured values. The estimated SWRC data via fractal method were compared with those obtained with the Rosetta model. Results showed that fractal method had more accurate performance for prediction of SWRC than the Rosetta. Even though, the Rosetta software could lead to better estimates of the vG model parameters than the fractal approach, it was not capable of predicting SWRC as accurately as the fractal approach. This is due to the fact that estimation of the water content is a result of an interaction between the estimated vG model parameters, α and m. The van Genuchten (vG) function is often used to describe the soil water retention curve (SWRC) of unsaturated soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate a method to determine the vG model parameters m and α of 100 soil samples of Guilan province from the fractal dimension of SWRC. Also, we used two models introduced by Lenhard et al and vG for estimating m from pore size distribution index of Brooks and Corey (BC) model. In both of the mentioned methods, the relationship between pore size distribution index of BC and SWRC fractal dimension was used. Also, vG parameters using Rosetta software were estimated and then, the amounts of vG parameters from the Rosetta, fractal method and RETC were compared. Results showed that Rosetta software had a better estimation of vG parameters than the Rosetta. The estimated vG model parameters m and α obtained with the above-mentioned different methods, in conjunction with measured saturated water contents, were used to estimate water contents at different matric potentials and compared with determined values by RETC via fitting of vG model on the measured values. The estimated SWRC data via fractal method were compared with those obtained with the Rosetta model. Results showed that fractal method had more accurate performance for prediction of SWRC than the Rosetta. Even though, the Rosetta software could lead to better estimates of the vG model parameters than the fractal approach, it was not capable of predicting SWRC as accurately as the fractal approach. This is due to the fact that estimation of the water content is a result of an interaction between the estimated vG model parameters, α and m.

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4615_6fa869c83a10ec1301214db44c3cfd94.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 25 1-4 2016 02 20 The Effects of Acacia nilotica and Prosopis juliflora as the Nitrogen Provider Trees on the Understory Soil of Them The Effects of Acacia nilotica and Prosopis juliflora as the Nitrogen Provider Trees on the Understory Soil of Them 211 222 4616 FA Seyed Hamid Matinkhah Atefeh Shahbazi Marziye Naiminia Journal Article 2014 06 27 Discharge measurement by sluice gates is one of the classical issues in hydraulic engineering. Based on the energy conservation relation, this study presents a novel method for estimating the discharge coefficient of sluice gates under free and submerged flow conditions. This method gives the discharge coefficient of sluice gates only as a function of upstream depth and bottom pressure measured by manometers located under the gate lip and is independent of flow conditions (free and submerged), gate opening and tailwater depth. For evaluating the applicability of the proposed equation in this research for estimating the flow discharge, the experimental results (418 runs) of two sluice gates with 25 and 40 cm widths are used in the conditions of presence and absence of end baffle blocks for both free and submerged flows. Independency of discharge coefficient from the tailwater depth has important advantages such as: continuous estimation of discharge coefficient under free and submerged flow conditions using a unified equation and higher accuracy at the lower submergence. Also being independent of tailwater depth makes easy flow estimation even at the presence of baffle blocks on the stilling basins. The results show that, applying the energy loss coefficient in the proposed equation decreases the mean absolute relative errors to 0.4% and 2.6% for free and submerged flow conditions respectively. Also the proposed equation has a relative error less than 5% under submerged flow conditions. The proposed method is very sensitive to bottom pressure head especially under higher submergence levels. Discharge measurement by sluice gates is one of the classical issues in hydraulic engineering. Based on the energy conservation relation, this study presents a novel method for estimating the discharge coefficient of sluice gates under free and submerged flow conditions. This method gives the discharge coefficient of sluice gates only as a function of upstream depth and bottom pressure measured by manometers located under the gate lip and is independent of flow conditions (free and submerged), gate opening and tailwater depth. For evaluating the applicability of the proposed equation in this research for estimating the flow discharge, the experimental results (418 runs) of two sluice gates with 25 and 40 cm widths are used in the conditions of presence and absence of end baffle blocks for both free and submerged flows. Independency of discharge coefficient from the tailwater depth has important advantages such as: continuous estimation of discharge coefficient under free and submerged flow conditions using a unified equation and higher accuracy at the lower submergence. Also being independent of tailwater depth makes easy flow estimation even at the presence of baffle blocks on the stilling basins. The results show that, applying the energy loss coefficient in the proposed equation decreases the mean absolute relative errors to 0.4% and 2.6% for free and submerged flow conditions respectively. Also the proposed equation has a relative error less than 5% under submerged flow conditions. The proposed method is very sensitive to bottom pressure head especially under higher submergence levels.

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4616_9e82c216073cc885554bd6b3f275ff76.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 25 1-4 2016 02 20 Climate Change Study in West Azerbaijan Province Regarding Lake Urmia Restoration Climate Change Study in West Azerbaijan Province Regarding Lake Urmia Restoration 223 242 4617 FA Keivan Khalili Mohammad Nazeri Tahrodi Neda Khanmohammadi Journal Article 2014 10 25

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4617_3dd3458fbae0e1dd48d3ef3c78947d5b.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 25 1-4 2016 02 20 Investigation of Water Quality in Mahabad Dam Reservoir Using Novotny Index and Vollenweider Graph Investigation of Water Quality in Mahabad Dam Reservoir Using Novotny Index and Vollenweider Graph 243 257 4618 FA Navid Parchami Bayram Ali Mohammadnejad Javad Behmanesh Journal Article 2014 09 21 To investigate the interaction effect of Cd and Zn on growth and chemical composition of canola, a factorial greenhouse experiment in a randomized complete block design with two factors including Cd at eight levels (0, 5.0, 5.2, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg kg-1 soil) and Zn at eight levels (0, 5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg kg-1 soil) with three replications was conducted in a loamy sand soil. After 60 days, the dry weights and concentrations of Cd, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu in shoots and roots were determined. At levels of 2.5 and 0.5 mg Cd per kg of soil, all levels of Zn increased shoot and root dry weights. At higher levels of Cd, applications of 5 and 25 mg Zn per kg of soil increased the shoot and root dry weights, but at higher levels of Zn, a decrease in these parts was observed. Moreover, at levels up to 5 mg Cd kg-1, application of Zn even at level of 25 mg Zn kg-1decreased Cd concentration in shoots in comparison with control. However, at higher levels of Cd, this decrease was achieved only at 5 mg Zn kg-1. Increasing the level of Cd at any level of Zn decreased the Zn concentration in shoots. Application of Zn at each level of Cd, first increased and then decreased the concentration of iron in shoots and roots. Zn supplementation at each level of Cd increased concentration of Mn in shoots and decreased its concentration in roots. In addition, Zn application at each level of Cd decreased the concentration of Cu in both shoots and roots. To investigate the interaction effect of Cd and Zn on growth and chemical composition of canola, a factorial greenhouse experiment in a randomized complete block design with two factors including Cd at eight levels (0, 5.0, 5.2, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg kg-1 soil) and Zn at eight levels (0, 5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg kg-1 soil) with three replications was conducted in a loamy sand soil. After 60 days, the dry weights and concentrations of Cd, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu in shoots and roots were determined. At levels of 2.5 and 0.5 mg Cd per kg of soil, all levels of Zn increased shoot and root dry weights. At higher levels of Cd, applications of 5 and 25 mg Zn per kg of soil increased the shoot and root dry weights, but at higher levels of Zn, a decrease in these parts was observed. Moreover, at levels up to 5 mg Cd kg-1, application of Zn even at level of 25 mg Zn kg-1decreased Cd concentration in shoots in comparison with control. However, at higher levels of Cd, this decrease was achieved only at 5 mg Zn kg-1. Increasing the level of Cd at any level of Zn decreased the Zn concentration in shoots. Application of Zn at each level of Cd, first increased and then decreased the concentration of iron in shoots and roots. Zn supplementation at each level of Cd increased concentration of Mn in shoots and decreased its concentration in roots. In addition, Zn application at each level of Cd decreased the concentration of Cu in both shoots and roots.

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4618_8083c69c553b7779fc9331c262b076cb.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 25 1-4 2016 02 20 Experimental Study of the Submerged Bendway Weirs Effect on Flow Resistance Coefficients Experimental Study of the Submerged Bendway Weirs Effect on Flow Resistance Coefficients 259 268 4619 FA Mohammad Hosein Joshan Mohammad Hemmati Mehdi Ghomshi Journal Article 2013 08 28 Weir and gate have many applications in irrigation networks because of their simple and accurate equations for flow measurement and their ability in water level controlling. Water flow in river and canal pathes always contains suspended sediment particles and floating materials. In this condition, weir and gate can be combined together and create an integrated system entitled weir-gate that can convey sediment particles under the gate and floating materials over the weir. In this research, discharge coefficient of prismatic weir-gate was studied under free flow condition with different gate openings and flow discharges. Variation of discharge coefficient of prismatic weir-gate was investigated in different angles of prism surfaces including 60˚ vs. 60˚ (symmetrical prismatic), 45˚ vs. 47˚ (upper prismatic) and 75˚ vs. 45˚ (lower prismatic). Results showed that discharge coefficient increased by increasing, and parameters. Comparing the results of different angles of prisms showed that the lower prismatic weir-gate had the highest discharge coefficient among the models in different hydraulic conditions. Discharge coefficient of the symmetrical prismatic weir-gate was higher than the upper prismatic model. This could be resulted from the extreme contraction of flow passing under the gate and increasing the local losses. Linear equations were proposed with acceptable accuracy for the weir-gates. Comparison of the results with the reported results by other researchers showed that the discharge coefficient of prismatic weir-gate was higher than the other kinds of weir-gates within the tested condition. Weir and gate have many applications in irrigation networks because of their simple and accurate equations for flow measurement and their ability in water level controlling. Water flow in river and canal pathes always contains suspended sediment particles and floating materials. In this condition, weir and gate can be combined together and create an integrated system entitled weir-gate that can convey sediment particles under the gate and floating materials over the weir. In this research, discharge coefficient of prismatic weir-gate was studied under free flow condition with different gate openings and flow discharges. Variation of discharge coefficient of prismatic weir-gate was investigated in different angles of prism surfaces including 60˚ vs. 60˚ (symmetrical prismatic), 45˚ vs. 47˚ (upper prismatic) and 75˚ vs. 45˚ (lower prismatic). Results showed that discharge coefficient increased by increasing, and parameters. Comparing the results of different angles of prisms showed that the lower prismatic weir-gate had the highest discharge coefficient among the models in different hydraulic conditions. Discharge coefficient of the symmetrical prismatic weir-gate was higher than the upper prismatic model. This could be resulted from the extreme contraction of flow passing under the gate and increasing the local losses. Linear equations were proposed with acceptable accuracy for the weir-gates. Comparison of the results with the reported results by other researchers showed that the discharge coefficient of prismatic weir-gate was higher than the other kinds of weir-gates within the tested condition.

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4619_800dddfbaf1d5ea31f8115a1abf2078e.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 25 1-4 2016 02 20 Analysis of the Relationship between Seasonal Streamflow Variations and some Teleconnection Indices by Wavelet Analysis Method (Case study: Northwest Rivers) Analysis of the Relationship between Seasonal Streamflow Variations and some Teleconnection Indices by Wavelet Analysis Method (Case study: Northwest Rivers) 269 284 4620 FA Kimiya Amir Moradi Ali Akbar Sabzi Parvar Ali Deihimi Journal Article 2014 07 27 Many factors are participated in the snowmelt process, therefore accurate estimation of it is one of the major challenges in water resources management. Snowmelt runoff prediction provides the necessary tools for effective and efficient management of water resources, including reservoir management, groundwater management and flood warning. In most cases there are little earth-observing information for snow properties which is one of the limitations of snowmelt flow modeling. For this purpose, the modified Penman-Monteith equation using climate data from Lighvan weather station in the East Azarbaijan Province was applied in order to estimate runoff from snowmelt. Two-thirds of data were used for training and the rest one-third for verification of the model. Finally, the modified Penman-Monteith equation with mean correlation coefficients values of 0.89 and 0.85 for training and verification stages, mean average absolute error values of 0.57 and 0.37 m3s1 for training and testing stages, was presented as an appropriate model to estimate the snowmelt flow based on climatic parameters. Many factors are participated in the snowmelt process, therefore accurate estimation of it is one of the major challenges in water resources management. Snowmelt runoff prediction provides the necessary tools for effective and efficient management of water resources, including reservoir management, groundwater management and flood warning. In most cases there are little earth-observing information for snow properties which is one of the limitations of snowmelt flow modeling. For this purpose, the modified Penman-Monteith equation using climate data from Lighvan weather station in the East Azarbaijan Province was applied in order to estimate runoff from snowmelt. Two-thirds of data were used for training and the rest one-third for verification of the model. Finally, the modified Penman-Monteith equation with mean correlation coefficients values of 0.89 and 0.85 for training and verification stages, mean average absolute error values of 0.57 and 0.37 m3s1 for training and testing stages, was presented as an appropriate model to estimate the snowmelt flow based on climatic parameters.

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4620_f96f46e7fe7e4b69c76918a3dd794b33.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 25 1-4 2016 02 20 Comparison of Rational, SCS and SWMM Models for Analysis of Urban Pathway Inundation Using GIS (Case Study: Zone 9 of Mashhad) Comparison of Rational, SCS and SWMM Models for Analysis of Urban Pathway Inundation Using GIS (Case Study: Zone 9 of Mashhad) 285 301 4621 FA Rouzbeh Shad Alireza Hoveidafard Journal Article 2014 09 24 The aim of this research was comparison of the interactions of Eisenia fetida earthworm and organic matters on some hydraulic properties of two fine and coarse-textured soils under two compaction levels. A factorial experiment was conducted as the completely randomized design with 24 treatments and three replications under growth room conditions during six months. The factors were two soil textural classes (sandy loam and clay loam), three organic matter levels (0, 20 g kg-1 of both wheat straw and cow manure), and two compaction levels (1.3 and 1.45 g cm-3) with or without earthworm. The results showed that the both used organic matters averagely increased the soil field capacity (4.1%), permanent wilting point (2.4%) and available (8.78%) moistures values, meso+micro-pores volume (4.3%), while decreased the macropores volume (11.75%) in the both textural classes. Also, the highest available water content was observed in straw and clay loam soil treatments. Soil compaction decreased the soil saturated moisture value (11.6%) and macropores volume (29.5%) and increased meso+micro-pores volume (12%), while earthworm increased the mean of saturated moisture value (8.1%) and macropores volume (17%) and decreased meso+micro-pores volume (5%), averagely. The results of this study indicate that inoculating soil with earthworm can improve hydraulic quality of fine and coarse-textured soils under compaction condition even with using minimum organic matter. The aim of this research was comparison of the interactions of Eisenia fetida earthworm and organic matters on some hydraulic properties of two fine and coarse-textured soils under two compaction levels. A factorial experiment was conducted as the completely randomized design with 24 treatments and three replications under growth room conditions during six months. The factors were two soil textural classes (sandy loam and clay loam), three organic matter levels (0, 20 g kg-1 of both wheat straw and cow manure), and two compaction levels (1.3 and 1.45 g cm-3) with or without earthworm. The results showed that the both used organic matters averagely increased the soil field capacity (4.1%), permanent wilting point (2.4%) and available (8.78%) moistures values, meso+micro-pores volume (4.3%), while decreased the macropores volume (11.75%) in the both textural classes. Also, the highest available water content was observed in straw and clay loam soil treatments. Soil compaction decreased the soil saturated moisture value (11.6%) and macropores volume (29.5%) and increased meso+micro-pores volume (12%), while earthworm increased the mean of saturated moisture value (8.1%) and macropores volume (17%) and decreased meso+micro-pores volume (5%), averagely. The results of this study indicate that inoculating soil with earthworm can improve hydraulic quality of fine and coarse-textured soils under compaction condition even with using minimum organic matter.

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4621_d38018933dd348b4a6ff1c565d32dfd7.pdf

University of Tabriz Water and Soil Science 2008-5133 25 1-4 2016 02 20 Effect of Wheat Straw Humification and Sterilization on Retention and Release Kinetics of Sorbed Lead Effect of Wheat Straw Humification and Sterilization on Retention and Release Kinetics of Sorbed Lead 303 315 4622 FA Ali Akbar Safari Sanjani Rogiyeh Bagheri Journal Article 2014 03 08 Today, because of consecutive droughts and population increase, management and optimum use of water resources play an important role in sustainable development. One of the methods in water resources management is to use underground dams. Underground dams cause to reinforce aquifer water storage and consequently, this reinforcement leads to better performance of Qanat. In the present study, the changes of the located ground water table below the bed of Soofi river (located in Soofi village in west Azerbaijan) were studied using water table data of three observed wells, two drainage systems (QANAT) and MODFLOW software. After calibration of the model and modeling with underground dam construction, water level in observed wells was predicted. Then, the effect of underground dam construction on Qanats and water balance was investigated. The results showed that the obtained data from modeling had acceptable accordance with observed data in a year after the construction of underground dam. Also, the comparison of the observed and predicted data in two upstream wells showed that, the difference between the two the observed wells was limited to a few centimeters and the percentage mean square error was 4.34 and 7.37 for steady and unsteady conditions, respectively. Today, because of consecutive droughts and population increase, management and optimum use of water resources play an important role in sustainable development. One of the methods in water resources management is to use underground dams. Underground dams cause to reinforce aquifer water storage and consequently, this reinforcement leads to better performance of Qanat. In the present study, the changes of the located ground water table below the bed of Soofi river (located in Soofi village in west Azerbaijan) were studied using water table data of three observed wells, two drainage systems (QANAT) and MODFLOW software. After calibration of the model and modeling with underground dam construction, water level in observed wells was predicted. Then, the effect of underground dam construction on Qanats and water balance was investigated. The results showed that the obtained data from modeling had acceptable accordance with observed data in a year after the construction of underground dam. Also, the comparison of the observed and predicted data in two upstream wells showed that, the difference between the two the observed wells was limited to a few centimeters and the percentage mean square error was 4.34 and 7.37 for steady and unsteady conditions, respectively.

https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4622_82cb3a810fd8f905bf4bc4fc63e69096.pdf