University of TabrizWater and Soil Science2008-513321120140430Wind Drift and Evaporation Losses Model in Spray Nozzles of Center Pivot Irrigation systemWind Drift and Evaporation Losses Model in Spray Nozzles of Center Pivot Irrigation system1141241FARDelirhasanniaAHNazemiAASadraddiniDFarsadizadehJournal Article20140430Wind drift and evaporation are the main sources of water losses in sprinkler irrigation systems. A proper understanding of factors affecting these losses and estimating their amounts can be useful for reducing water losses and improving irrigation efficiency. It seems necessary to develop a model to estimate these losses in order to increase application efficiency of widely used center pivot irrigation systems. In this research a 25×25 m<sup>2</sup> network of catch cans at 1.25 m spacing was prepared in the field. Commonly used Nelson R3000, Senninger LDN and Nelson D3000 spray sprinklers with various nozzle sizes, pressures and elevations were installed at the center of the network. Experiments were conducted at the various weather conditions and the needed climatologic data were measured simultaneously. Water losses were computed in terms of volumetric difference between the emitted water from spray nozzles and the received water on the soil surface. Using statistical analyses several equations which enable to estimate wind drift and evaporation losses were derived. From conventional methods, Frost-Schowalen, Keller-Bliesner and Playan et al. methods were considered and their accuracies were investigated in comparison with the experimental data. Results showed that the proposed new equations estimated water losses satisfactorily and they calculated wind drift and evaporation losses more accurately than the mentioned methods.Wind drift and evaporation are the main sources of water losses in sprinkler irrigation systems. A proper understanding of factors affecting these losses and estimating their amounts can be useful for reducing water losses and improving irrigation efficiency. It seems necessary to develop a model to estimate these losses in order to increase application efficiency of widely used center pivot irrigation systems. In this research a 25×25 m<sup>2</sup> network of catch cans at 1.25 m spacing was prepared in the field. Commonly used Nelson R3000, Senninger LDN and Nelson D3000 spray sprinklers with various nozzle sizes, pressures and elevations were installed at the center of the network. Experiments were conducted at the various weather conditions and the needed climatologic data were measured simultaneously. Water losses were computed in terms of volumetric difference between the emitted water from spray nozzles and the received water on the soil surface. Using statistical analyses several equations which enable to estimate wind drift and evaporation losses were derived. From conventional methods, Frost-Schowalen, Keller-Bliesner and Playan et al. methods were considered and their accuracies were investigated in comparison with the experimental data. Results showed that the proposed new equations estimated water losses satisfactorily and they calculated wind drift and evaporation losses more accurately than the mentioned methods.https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1241_9e0913bbdb38f9036fa303e2c941297f.pdfUniversity of TabrizWater and Soil Science2008-513321120140430Effect of Collar on Scour Reduction Around AbutmentsEffect of Collar on Scour Reduction Around Abutments15281242FAPKhosravi NiaAHosseinzadeh DalirDFarsadizadehAFakheri - FardJournal Article20140430Abutments are constructed to protect and control river banks. Studies show that methods of preventing and reducing scour are based on the scour mechanism. One of these methods is to set a collar around the abutment. Collars protect the bed against downward flow and vortex system developed due to the separation of flow at the upstream edge of the abutment and reduces the amount of scour. In this research, scour is considered around three types of abutments with 6, 8, 10 centimeters length. Trapezoidal collars with miscellaneous dimensions and fixing on bed surface under the clear water scouring conditions were also investigated and compared with the case of collars were not in use. The results obtained showed that increasing the collar width, improve the impact of collar on scour depth reduction and its time delay. The percentage of scour reduction for different collar width fluctuate from 15 to to 100.Abutments are constructed to protect and control river banks. Studies show that methods of preventing and reducing scour are based on the scour mechanism. One of these methods is to set a collar around the abutment. Collars protect the bed against downward flow and vortex system developed due to the separation of flow at the upstream edge of the abutment and reduces the amount of scour. In this research, scour is considered around three types of abutments with 6, 8, 10 centimeters length. Trapezoidal collars with miscellaneous dimensions and fixing on bed surface under the clear water scouring conditions were also investigated and compared with the case of collars were not in use. The results obtained showed that increasing the collar width, improve the impact of collar on scour depth reduction and its time delay. The percentage of scour reduction for different collar width fluctuate from 15 to to 100.https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1242_40fe9a38792ad26d223ba120862bd61f.pdfUniversity of TabrizWater and Soil Science2008-513321120140430Comparsion of Hybrid and Nash Models for Derivation of Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (Case Study: Lighvan Watershed)Comparsion of Hybrid and Nash Models for Derivation of Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (Case Study: Lighvan Watershed)29411243FAAAhmadinAFakheri FardMAGorbaniJournal Article20140430In the Nash model, the number of reservoirs and storage coefficient describe the complete shape of <em>IUH</em>. In this model, the number of reservoirs which should be an integer values is generally a fractional value when derived from the observed data, and that is a major limitation for the model. Furthermore, a single linear reservoir of the Nash model yields an <em>IUH</em> without a rising limb which is physically unrealistic. To simulate a complete <em>IUH </em>with rising limb, the Nash model requires a minimum of two reservoirs connected in series. Splitting the Nash single linear reservoir into two serially connected reservoirs of unequal storage coefficients K<sub>1 </sub>andK<sub>2</sub> (one hybrid unit), a hybrid model is introduced for derivation of a synthetic unit hydrograph. In this study,the Lighvan watershed was considered for application of the hybrid model. To exhibit the applicability of the hybrid model, the results, are compared with the Nash model results, using <em>STDER</em> and Nash-Satkolif output model values. The present approach yields <em>STDER</em> values lower and Nash-Satkolif output model values higher than those of the Nash method. Thus, the present approach performs better than the Nash method.
In the Nash model, the number of reservoirs and storage coefficient describe the complete shape of <em>IUH</em>. In this model, the number of reservoirs which should be an integer values is generally a fractional value when derived from the observed data, and that is a major limitation for the model. Furthermore, a single linear reservoir of the Nash model yields an <em>IUH</em> without a rising limb which is physically unrealistic. To simulate a complete <em>IUH </em>with rising limb, the Nash model requires a minimum of two reservoirs connected in series. Splitting the Nash single linear reservoir into two serially connected reservoirs of unequal storage coefficients K<sub>1 </sub>andK<sub>2</sub> (one hybrid unit), a hybrid model is introduced for derivation of a synthetic unit hydrograph. In this study,the Lighvan watershed was considered for application of the hybrid model. To exhibit the applicability of the hybrid model, the results, are compared with the Nash model results, using <em>STDER</em> and Nash-Satkolif output model values. The present approach yields <em>STDER</em> values lower and Nash-Satkolif output model values higher than those of the Nash method. Thus, the present approach performs better than the Nash method.
https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1243_7acc640ba0343bc26c8042fac68f7b5f.pdfUniversity of TabrizWater and Soil Science2008-513321120140430Impact of Geomorphology on Carbonate Pedofeatures in the Soils from South of Ahar, IranImpact of Geomorphology on Carbonate Pedofeatures in the Soils from South of Ahar, Iran43551244FAMServatiAAJafarzadehAHeydariFShahbaziJournal Article20140430Carbonate accumulation is an important criterion for soil evaluation and classification in arid and semi-arid regions. In this study, characteristics of carbonate pedofeatures at two different landforms of floodplain and pediment were studied using micromorphological techniques. Inherited carbonate features in both landforms are affected by soil forming processes with obvious role of bio-organisms due to either CO<sub>2 </sub>evolution or drying and wetting of soil fabric. Carbonate microcrystallines in soil profiles of the floodplain indicated that these soils are apparently younger than the soils forming on the pediment. Pediment soils show yellowish carbonate concretions with crystallitic b-fabric which indicate soil forming processes impacts. On the other hand, brownish carbonate concretions, which increase form upper to lower parts, in pediment soils indicate that they are probably inherited from parent material. But these features show an irregular pattern in soil profiles of floodplain.
Carbonate accumulation is an important criterion for soil evaluation and classification in arid and semi-arid regions. In this study, characteristics of carbonate pedofeatures at two different landforms of floodplain and pediment were studied using micromorphological techniques. Inherited carbonate features in both landforms are affected by soil forming processes with obvious role of bio-organisms due to either CO<sub>2 </sub>evolution or drying and wetting of soil fabric. Carbonate microcrystallines in soil profiles of the floodplain indicated that these soils are apparently younger than the soils forming on the pediment. Pediment soils show yellowish carbonate concretions with crystallitic b-fabric which indicate soil forming processes impacts. On the other hand, brownish carbonate concretions, which increase form upper to lower parts, in pediment soils indicate that they are probably inherited from parent material. But these features show an irregular pattern in soil profiles of floodplain.
https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1244_40053bb92d4f15e81cfd12e9a9de077e.pdfUniversity of TabrizWater and Soil Science2008-513321120140430Effect of Land Slope on Infiltration and Some Physical Properties of SoilEffect of Land Slope on Infiltration and Some Physical Properties of Soil57681245FAMRaoofSAASadraddiniAHNazemiSMaroofiJournal Article20140430Infiltration rate influenced by several parameters such as land slope. Pore dimensions and pore-size distribution affect depth of infiltration. The aim of this study was determination of the infiltration rate and porosity changes in different land slopes. Field experiments were conducted in a loamy soil with different slopes. Soil surface slopes of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 degrees were selected. For each slope, infiltration experiments were carried out using double ring for saturated condition and tension infiltrometer for unsaturated condition at water pressure heads of +10, -6, -9 and -15 cm in three replications. The saturated hydraulic conductivity, at different slopes, was calculated using double ring and tension infiltrometer data. Total porosity of the soil was estimated from soil bulk density and particle density using Flint and Flint procedure for different slopes. Macro and meso porosity values, for different slopes, were calculated using Watson-Luxmoore and Dunn-Philip procedures. Micro porosity values were calculated in different slopes according to the total, macro and meso porosity. Results indicated that double ring method overestimated the saturated hydraulic conductivity rather than tension infiltrometer method. In both double ring and tension infiltrometer methods, the saturated hydraulic conductivity values decreased with increase in slope. The particle density in five slopes was approximately constant. The bulk density values of soil were increased with increase in slope. The total, macro and meso porosity were decreased with increase in slope, thus decreasing infiltration rate at high slopes can be interpreted. Infiltration rate influenced by several parameters such as land slope. Pore dimensions and pore-size distribution affect depth of infiltration. The aim of this study was determination of the infiltration rate and porosity changes in different land slopes. Field experiments were conducted in a loamy soil with different slopes. Soil surface slopes of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 degrees were selected. For each slope, infiltration experiments were carried out using double ring for saturated condition and tension infiltrometer for unsaturated condition at water pressure heads of +10, -6, -9 and -15 cm in three replications. The saturated hydraulic conductivity, at different slopes, was calculated using double ring and tension infiltrometer data. Total porosity of the soil was estimated from soil bulk density and particle density using Flint and Flint procedure for different slopes. Macro and meso porosity values, for different slopes, were calculated using Watson-Luxmoore and Dunn-Philip procedures. Micro porosity values were calculated in different slopes according to the total, macro and meso porosity. Results indicated that double ring method overestimated the saturated hydraulic conductivity rather than tension infiltrometer method. In both double ring and tension infiltrometer methods, the saturated hydraulic conductivity values decreased with increase in slope. The particle density in five slopes was approximately constant. The bulk density values of soil were increased with increase in slope. The total, macro and meso porosity were decreased with increase in slope, thus decreasing infiltration rate at high slopes can be interpreted. https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1245_e44136ca21fa2d4bda4f57f92f849a8f.pdfUniversity of TabrizWater and Soil Science2008-513321120140430Kinetics of DTPA Extraction of Iron from Some Calcareous Soils of IranKinetics of DTPA Extraction of Iron from Some Calcareous Soils of Iran71831246FAAReyhanitabarJournal Article20140430Iron is a micronutrient for plants and its deficiency is a common in calcareous soils of Iran. The kinetics of iron extraction by diethylenetriaminepentaceticacid (DTPA) from 12 sterile calcareous soils was investigated during a 11520 minute period. The zero, first, second and third order equations could not adequately describe iron extraction kinetics. Three equations of simplified Elovich, parabolic and two- constant rate well fitted to the experimental data but the best model for describing extraction data for all soils was the two- constant rate equation and <em>a</em> constant of this equation showed positive correlation just with cation exchange capacity (CEC). The minimum and maximum amount of extracted iron during 11520 minutes was 30.2 and 200. 4 mg Fe. kg<sup>-1</sup> (with a mean of 63.8 mg Fe.kg<sup>-1</sup>), respectively. The amount of extractable iron for initial extraction times (<em>ab</em> constant) and the rate at which iron is extracted from the soil (related to the <em>b</em> constant) is quite variable and is not systematically related to any of the measured soil properties. Consequently a soil test for available iron that involved extraction for a single quite short time period may underestimate the amount of iron that is eventually release to soil solution and plants.Iron is a micronutrient for plants and its deficiency is a common in calcareous soils of Iran. The kinetics of iron extraction by diethylenetriaminepentaceticacid (DTPA) from 12 sterile calcareous soils was investigated during a 11520 minute period. The zero, first, second and third order equations could not adequately describe iron extraction kinetics. Three equations of simplified Elovich, parabolic and two- constant rate well fitted to the experimental data but the best model for describing extraction data for all soils was the two- constant rate equation and <em>a</em> constant of this equation showed positive correlation just with cation exchange capacity (CEC). The minimum and maximum amount of extracted iron during 11520 minutes was 30.2 and 200. 4 mg Fe. kg<sup>-1</sup> (with a mean of 63.8 mg Fe.kg<sup>-1</sup>), respectively. The amount of extractable iron for initial extraction times (<em>ab</em> constant) and the rate at which iron is extracted from the soil (related to the <em>b</em> constant) is quite variable and is not systematically related to any of the measured soil properties. Consequently a soil test for available iron that involved extraction for a single quite short time period may underestimate the amount of iron that is eventually release to soil solution and plants.https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1246_244591c37d7739da5ce702e298ea979c.pdfUniversity of TabrizWater and Soil Science2008-513321120140430Flow Discharge and Energy Grade-line in Compound ChannelsFlow Discharge and Energy Grade-line in Compound Channels85961247FAAAsgariMMohammadiMManafpurJournal Article20140430In order to explore the structural and hydraulics behavior of rivers and compound channels, discharge and energy grade-line are very important. Dividing a cross sectional shape of those channels to its subsections, e.g. main channel and floodplains, flow discharge is computed for each section and then flow discharge is determined for the whole section. This method is called as Divided Channel Method (<em>DCM</em>) and there is another method called as Simple Channel Method (<em>SCM</em>). On the basis of dividing channel method, some other methods are also developed, where the important one is the method of Exchange Discharge Model (<em>EDM</em>). The method of <em>EDM</em> is developed by using the effects of momentum transfer on the interaction surface between main channel and floodplain. In this research, the flow discharge and energy grade-line are computed for the data collected from the Flood Channel Facility (<em>FCF</em>) in England and elsewhere applying <em>SCM</em>, <em>DCM</em> and <em>EDM</em> methods, in which a C++ computer programing was used. The results show that the <em>EDM</em> method gives lower relative errors compared with the other methods (for establishing stage-discharge curves). Also, using <em>EDM</em> method and <em>HEC-RAS</em> software, the results for computing energy grade-line (e.g.l.), the method of <em>EDM</em> reveals lower relative errors for establishing e.g.l. curves. Two simple linear equations are presented for relative depths including lower and upper than 0.15. It therefore gives dramatic welfare results about 36% for estimating flow discharge and 34% for estimating energy grade-line. <br /> In order to explore the structural and hydraulics behavior of rivers and compound channels, discharge and energy grade-line are very important. Dividing a cross sectional shape of those channels to its subsections, e.g. main channel and floodplains, flow discharge is computed for each section and then flow discharge is determined for the whole section. This method is called as Divided Channel Method (<em>DCM</em>) and there is another method called as Simple Channel Method (<em>SCM</em>). On the basis of dividing channel method, some other methods are also developed, where the important one is the method of Exchange Discharge Model (<em>EDM</em>). The method of <em>EDM</em> is developed by using the effects of momentum transfer on the interaction surface between main channel and floodplain. In this research, the flow discharge and energy grade-line are computed for the data collected from the Flood Channel Facility (<em>FCF</em>) in England and elsewhere applying <em>SCM</em>, <em>DCM</em> and <em>EDM</em> methods, in which a C++ computer programing was used. The results show that the <em>EDM</em> method gives lower relative errors compared with the other methods (for establishing stage-discharge curves). Also, using <em>EDM</em> method and <em>HEC-RAS</em> software, the results for computing energy grade-line (e.g.l.), the method of <em>EDM</em> reveals lower relative errors for establishing e.g.l. curves. Two simple linear equations are presented for relative depths including lower and upper than 0.15. It therefore gives dramatic welfare results about 36% for estimating flow discharge and 34% for estimating energy grade-line. <br /> https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1247_7cc1a3a38d18729153e0ae00b8c5faf6.pdfUniversity of TabrizWater and Soil Science2008-513321120140430Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Pseudomonas fluorescence Bacterium on the Ear Traits, Chlorophyll Content and Yield of Zea Maize under Moisture Stress ConditionsEffect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Pseudomonas fluorescence Bacterium on the Ear Traits, Chlorophyll Content and Yield of Zea Maize under Moisture Stress Conditions971171248FAMGhorchianiGAkbariHAAlikhaniIAllahdadiMZareiJournal Article20140430In order to evaluate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and <em>Pseudomonas flourescence</em> on ear traits, chlorophyll content and yield of maize undermoisture stress condition, an experiment was conducted as split-split plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments consisted of two levels of irrigation: irrigation after 60 and 120 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan; combination of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and <em>Pseudomonas flourescence</em> at four levels and phosphate chemical fertilizer at three levels. In this study some characteristics such as grain yield, total dry weight of plant, total number of grain per ear, ear dry weight, cob dry weight, husk dry weight, ear length, seed abortion, ear diameter, cob diameter, grain depth, grain percent, cob percent, leaf chlorophyll content of ear and root colonization percent were assessed. Analysis of variance of data showed that the effects of irrigation levels, levels of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus-<em>Pseudomonas flourescence</em> and phosphate fertilizer levels in all traits except grain depth, grain percent and cob percent were significant. At the levels of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus-<em>Pseudomonas flourescence</em> bacterium, maximum amount of all traits except grain percent age and cob percent age were related to co-application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and phosphate solubilizing bacterium. In addition, under normal irrigation and mild drought stress conditions a synergistic relationship between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and <em>Pseudomonas flourescence</em> on most of investigated traits were observed. Also, the results of interaction between phosphate fertilizer and phosphate solubilizing microorganisms showed that efficiency of super phosphate triple fertilizer with phosphate solubilizing microorganisms on investigated traits was more than that of rock phosphate.In order to evaluate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and <em>Pseudomonas flourescence</em> on ear traits, chlorophyll content and yield of maize undermoisture stress condition, an experiment was conducted as split-split plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments consisted of two levels of irrigation: irrigation after 60 and 120 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan; combination of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and <em>Pseudomonas flourescence</em> at four levels and phosphate chemical fertilizer at three levels. In this study some characteristics such as grain yield, total dry weight of plant, total number of grain per ear, ear dry weight, cob dry weight, husk dry weight, ear length, seed abortion, ear diameter, cob diameter, grain depth, grain percent, cob percent, leaf chlorophyll content of ear and root colonization percent were assessed. Analysis of variance of data showed that the effects of irrigation levels, levels of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus-<em>Pseudomonas flourescence</em> and phosphate fertilizer levels in all traits except grain depth, grain percent and cob percent were significant. At the levels of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus-<em>Pseudomonas flourescence</em> bacterium, maximum amount of all traits except grain percent age and cob percent age were related to co-application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and phosphate solubilizing bacterium. In addition, under normal irrigation and mild drought stress conditions a synergistic relationship between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and <em>Pseudomonas flourescence</em> on most of investigated traits were observed. Also, the results of interaction between phosphate fertilizer and phosphate solubilizing microorganisms showed that efficiency of super phosphate triple fertilizer with phosphate solubilizing microorganisms on investigated traits was more than that of rock phosphate.https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1248_94f7229f46a81d5c65f68b31380ab4de.pdfUniversity of TabrizWater and Soil Science2008-513321120140430Investigating the Peak Flood Estimation Methods in a Regional Analysis Approach for Low-Data CatchmentsInvestigating the Peak Flood Estimation Methods in a Regional Analysis Approach for Low-Data Catchments1151251249FAHMalekinezhadSPourmohammadiJournal Article20140430The methods of regional flood frequency analysis is one of the most reliable and applicable technique for the regions with insufficient recorded data. In this study three techniques of flood analysis were used to evaluate the priority and importance to estimate the peak flow for different return periods. The hybrid, multiple regression and L-moments are the three approaches applied for Yazd-Ardakan and Isfahan-Sirjan plains in central Iran. At the first step, the most effective physical and hydrological parameters were identified by factor analysis technique. Then the coefficients of the power formula of Q<sub>p</sub>=aX<sup>b</sup>Y<sup>c</sup>Z<sup>d</sup> were estimated regarding the hybrid and multiple-regression methods. The results of this analysis were compared to the L-moments approach using RRMSE and MAE statistics. The findings showed better performance of the multiple regression and hybrid rather than L-moments methodat short return periods (2, 5 and 10-year). For longer return periods (25 and 50-year) the L-moments approach represented better-fit to the observed flood data. In general, due to variability of the parameters such as, climatic factors, data length and type, affecting peak flood, each one of the regional flood frequency analyses may have better performance for the case studies. Therefore, these techniques should be evaluated for each hydrological homogeneous region.The methods of regional flood frequency analysis is one of the most reliable and applicable technique for the regions with insufficient recorded data. In this study three techniques of flood analysis were used to evaluate the priority and importance to estimate the peak flow for different return periods. The hybrid, multiple regression and L-moments are the three approaches applied for Yazd-Ardakan and Isfahan-Sirjan plains in central Iran. At the first step, the most effective physical and hydrological parameters were identified by factor analysis technique. Then the coefficients of the power formula of Q<sub>p</sub>=aX<sup>b</sup>Y<sup>c</sup>Z<sup>d</sup> were estimated regarding the hybrid and multiple-regression methods. The results of this analysis were compared to the L-moments approach using RRMSE and MAE statistics. The findings showed better performance of the multiple regression and hybrid rather than L-moments methodat short return periods (2, 5 and 10-year). For longer return periods (25 and 50-year) the L-moments approach represented better-fit to the observed flood data. In general, due to variability of the parameters such as, climatic factors, data length and type, affecting peak flood, each one of the regional flood frequency analyses may have better performance for the case studies. Therefore, these techniques should be evaluated for each hydrological homogeneous region.https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1249_bf90d9773e12dbc6ad7f360b070d070c.pdfUniversity of TabrizWater and Soil Science2008-513321120140430Effects of Bacillus coagulans and Different Sources of Phosphate Rocks on Canola (Brassica napus L.)Effects of Bacillus coagulans and Different Sources of Phosphate Rocks on Canola (Brassica napus L.)1271361250FAMHayatiAGholizadehARFallahMRezvaniJournal Article20140430Existence of large sources of phosphate rocks (PR) in the world along with some disadvantatges of using industrial phosphate ferlilizers have attracted the reasearcher's attention to direct use of PR as P-fertilizer. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria through special mechanism are able to dissolve PR, release phosphorous and make it arailable to plant roots. A factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with two factors a) in the absence and presence of <em>Bacillus coagulons</em> and b) without PR and with PR form various sources, including Yasouj, Yazd, Gasfa and triple superphosphate was conducted in greenhouse using canola cultivar (Hayvla 401). At harvest time after 12 weeks, stem height, stem diameter, leaf area, shoot dry weight and P uptake were measured. The results showed that treatments Included bacterium became superior in all characteristics to the treatments without bacterium. The interaction effects of bacterium and different sources of phosphate on the plant height, uptake of P and the relative effectiveness based on crop P uptake was significant (P<0.05). The maximum height and uptake of P occurred in triple superphosphate fertilizer with bacterium was 54.4 cm and 1.38 g/pot, respectively. Among phosphates rocks, canolas with PR from Gafsa source plus bacterium had the greatest height of 39.8 cm and P uptake 0.588 g/pot. The relative effectiveness of the experimental treatment with the bacterium were 42.2, 39.7 and 24.9 percent, respectively, in Gasfa, Yazd, Yasouj sources.
Existence of large sources of phosphate rocks (PR) in the world along with some disadvantatges of using industrial phosphate ferlilizers have attracted the reasearcher's attention to direct use of PR as P-fertilizer. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria through special mechanism are able to dissolve PR, release phosphorous and make it arailable to plant roots. A factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with two factors a) in the absence and presence of <em>Bacillus coagulons</em> and b) without PR and with PR form various sources, including Yasouj, Yazd, Gasfa and triple superphosphate was conducted in greenhouse using canola cultivar (Hayvla 401). At harvest time after 12 weeks, stem height, stem diameter, leaf area, shoot dry weight and P uptake were measured. The results showed that treatments Included bacterium became superior in all characteristics to the treatments without bacterium. The interaction effects of bacterium and different sources of phosphate on the plant height, uptake of P and the relative effectiveness based on crop P uptake was significant (P<0.05). The maximum height and uptake of P occurred in triple superphosphate fertilizer with bacterium was 54.4 cm and 1.38 g/pot, respectively. Among phosphates rocks, canolas with PR from Gafsa source plus bacterium had the greatest height of 39.8 cm and P uptake 0.588 g/pot. The relative effectiveness of the experimental treatment with the bacterium were 42.2, 39.7 and 24.9 percent, respectively, in Gasfa, Yazd, Yasouj sources.
https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1250_9ba0c46f3cf7a51c58a18591137f2105.pdfUniversity of TabrizWater and Soil Science2008-513321120140430The Influence of some Treated - and Untreated Industrial Wastewaters on Soil Microbial Respiration and Biomass CarbonThe Influence of some Treated - and Untreated Industrial Wastewaters on Soil Microbial Respiration and Biomass Carbon1371481251FAZNadiFRaiesiARHosseinpurJournal Article20140430The use of waste water may help sustainable soil fertility via improving the physical, chemical and biological soil characteristics. The main purpose of this study was to determine the effect of industrial wastewaters from three factories, Esfahan Steel Company- Zobahan-, Esfahan Mobarakeh Steel Corporation- Foolad Mobarakeh- and Esfahan Polyacryl Company; in two forms (treated and untreated) on C mineralization, microbial biomass C and metabolic quotient (<em>q</em>CO<sub>2</sub>). The response of soil microbiological indices such as C mineralization, microbial biomass C and <em>q</em>CO<sub>2</sub> to the applications of effluent wastewaters over 112 days of incubation period was evaluated under laboratory conditions. Results showed that the effect of industrial wastewaters on C mineralization was significant and the untreated wastewater from Polyacryl Company increased C mineralization significantly. Other wastewaters decreased C mineralization or did not have a significant effect. Microbial biomass C increased during the first and second month of the incubation period, but during the third month the untreated wastewater from Zobahan, treated and untreated wastewater from Foolad Mobarakeh decreased the amount of soil microbial biomass C. The effect of industrial wastewaters on <em>q</em>CO<sub>2</sub> values was substantial and variable. There was a decrease in <em>q</em>CO<sub>2 </sub>during the first and second month of incubation period. The application of untreated wastewater from Zobahan, treated and untreated wastewaters from Foolad Mobarakeh increased <em>q</em>CO<sub>2</sub> during the third month of soil incubation. Briefly, the utilization of wastewaters initially increased C mineralization, microbial biomass C and reduced <em>q</em>CO<sub>2</sub>, while at the end of the incubation time most wastewaters decreased C mineralization, microbial biomass C and increased <em>q</em>CO<sub>2</sub>. This might indicate that the labile organic matter contents in wastewaters were reduced and the concentrations of heavy metals in soil were increased during incubation period. The use of waste water may help sustainable soil fertility via improving the physical, chemical and biological soil characteristics. The main purpose of this study was to determine the effect of industrial wastewaters from three factories, Esfahan Steel Company- Zobahan-, Esfahan Mobarakeh Steel Corporation- Foolad Mobarakeh- and Esfahan Polyacryl Company; in two forms (treated and untreated) on C mineralization, microbial biomass C and metabolic quotient (<em>q</em>CO<sub>2</sub>). The response of soil microbiological indices such as C mineralization, microbial biomass C and <em>q</em>CO<sub>2</sub> to the applications of effluent wastewaters over 112 days of incubation period was evaluated under laboratory conditions. Results showed that the effect of industrial wastewaters on C mineralization was significant and the untreated wastewater from Polyacryl Company increased C mineralization significantly. Other wastewaters decreased C mineralization or did not have a significant effect. Microbial biomass C increased during the first and second month of the incubation period, but during the third month the untreated wastewater from Zobahan, treated and untreated wastewater from Foolad Mobarakeh decreased the amount of soil microbial biomass C. The effect of industrial wastewaters on <em>q</em>CO<sub>2</sub> values was substantial and variable. There was a decrease in <em>q</em>CO<sub>2 </sub>during the first and second month of incubation period. The application of untreated wastewater from Zobahan, treated and untreated wastewaters from Foolad Mobarakeh increased <em>q</em>CO<sub>2</sub> during the third month of soil incubation. Briefly, the utilization of wastewaters initially increased C mineralization, microbial biomass C and reduced <em>q</em>CO<sub>2</sub>, while at the end of the incubation time most wastewaters decreased C mineralization, microbial biomass C and increased <em>q</em>CO<sub>2</sub>. This might indicate that the labile organic matter contents in wastewaters were reduced and the concentrations of heavy metals in soil were increased during incubation period. https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1251_8bce85dd17d81b83ddb416925099f98e.pdfUniversity of TabrizWater and Soil Science2008-513321120140430Sorption and Desorption of Lead (Pb) and Effect of Cyclic Wetting-Drying on Metal Distribution in Two Soils with Different PropertiesSorption and Desorption of Lead (Pb) and Effect of Cyclic Wetting-Drying on Metal Distribution in Two Soils with Different Properties1491641252FAHKhodaverdilooRHamzenejad TaghlidabadJournal Article20140430Heavy metals added to soils are partitioned between solid and solution phases and then slowly redistribute among solid-phase components. Heavy metal distribution has an important effect on its toxicity and bioavailability in soil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sorption and retention of lead (Pb) in two calcareous soils with different properties (a saline-sodic and a nonsaline-nonsodic soil) and to evaluate the effects of metal loading quantity and wetting-drying (WD) cycles on distribution of different loadings of Pb to these soils. To quantify the binding intensity, the metal sorption capacity of soils, and the mobility and availability of loaded Pb, the reduced partition index (<em>I<sub>R</sub></em>), the sorption intensity factor (<em>SI</em>), and the percentage or absolute concentration of Pb in soluble + exchangeable (<em>S+E</em>) fractions were used. A small amount of sorbed Pb was desorbed by soils, indicating a strong and irreversible binding of Pb in the studied soils. In terms of <em>SI</em> values, more than 97% of the added Pb was sorbed by the soils. The <em>SI</em> factor, how ever, exhibited no significant change (p≤0.05) with increased Pb loading quantities, probably demonstrating the precipitation of Pb in the soils. While, the first cycle of WD showed a significant effect (p≤0.05) on the values of <em>I<sub>R</sub></em>index, the subsequent cycles exhibited no significant effect (p≤0.05). The <em>I<sub>R</sub></em>values increased when Pb loading quantities to soils increased, demonstrating an increase in the mobility of Pb with increased soil pollution level. Wetting-drying of soils had a significant effect (p≤0.05) on mobility and availability of soil Pb. Comparing the values of <em>S+E</em> indicated that the mobility and availability of Pb decreased by WD and increased as the Pb loading quantities to soils increased.Heavy metals added to soils are partitioned between solid and solution phases and then slowly redistribute among solid-phase components. Heavy metal distribution has an important effect on its toxicity and bioavailability in soil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sorption and retention of lead (Pb) in two calcareous soils with different properties (a saline-sodic and a nonsaline-nonsodic soil) and to evaluate the effects of metal loading quantity and wetting-drying (WD) cycles on distribution of different loadings of Pb to these soils. To quantify the binding intensity, the metal sorption capacity of soils, and the mobility and availability of loaded Pb, the reduced partition index (<em>I<sub>R</sub></em>), the sorption intensity factor (<em>SI</em>), and the percentage or absolute concentration of Pb in soluble + exchangeable (<em>S+E</em>) fractions were used. A small amount of sorbed Pb was desorbed by soils, indicating a strong and irreversible binding of Pb in the studied soils. In terms of <em>SI</em> values, more than 97% of the added Pb was sorbed by the soils. The <em>SI</em> factor, how ever, exhibited no significant change (p≤0.05) with increased Pb loading quantities, probably demonstrating the precipitation of Pb in the soils. While, the first cycle of WD showed a significant effect (p≤0.05) on the values of <em>I<sub>R</sub></em>index, the subsequent cycles exhibited no significant effect (p≤0.05). The <em>I<sub>R</sub></em>values increased when Pb loading quantities to soils increased, demonstrating an increase in the mobility of Pb with increased soil pollution level. Wetting-drying of soils had a significant effect (p≤0.05) on mobility and availability of soil Pb. Comparing the values of <em>S+E</em> indicated that the mobility and availability of Pb decreased by WD and increased as the Pb loading quantities to soils increased.https://water-soil.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_1252_c3291c45349967cf9fc129a06334c965.pdf